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Imperative sentences serve to induce a person to do something. They express a command, a request, an invitation, a wish, a demand, and a call and so on. Declarative, interrogative and imperative sentences may be exclamatory when they express a strong emotion (happiness, delight, anger, etc). (What a lovely day it is! How wonderful!) (Москва как много в этом звуке…) (Аввал ўйла кейин сўйла!).
There is no great difference of sentences in compared languages according to the structure sentences. Due to the grammatical structure, they are divided into two-member and one-member sentences. A two-member sentence has two members: the subject and the predicate. (Pete reads. Mary writes.) A two-member sentence may be: complete and incomplete 2 member sentences. The complete has both the subject and the predicate. The incomplete is a sentence when one of the principle parts or both of them are missing, but can be easily understood from the sentence. Such sentences are called elliptical. (Where are you going? – To the cinema.) Elliptical sentences are usually met in colloquial speech and dialogues. A one-member sentence is a sentence, which has only one member, which is neither the subject nor the predicate. One member makes the sentence complete.
One-member sentences are generally used in the description and in an emotional speech. If the main part of a one-member sentence is expressed by a noun and the sentence is called nominal. (Dusk-of the summer night. Зима, крестьянин торжествует).A simple sentence may be extended (has both the principle parts of the sentence and the secondary parts. E.g. Pete reads a book every day.) And unextended (has only the subject and the predicate).
Classification of a simple sentence in all three languages according to the grammatical meaning can be seen as follows:
As a distinction complicated and uncomplicated types of sentences in Uzbek are regarded complex sentences. The rest types of sentences can be considered as the similarity of these languages.
Sentences in compared languages may be also composite. In general composite sentences in compared languages are divided into compound, complex and compound-complex. A compound is a sentence which consists of two or more clauses coordinated with each other. (The darkness was thinning, but the street was still dimly lighting. Картошка жарилась на сковорде, от неё шёл ароматный запах. Осмонга булут чиқди ва ёмғир ёға бошлади). A complex sentence consists of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses. (His steps quicken as he set out from the hotel. Многие видели как фокусник это сделал. Хонага шундай жимлик чўкканки, гўё бу ерда xаёт бутунлай сўнган).Subordinated clauses may be of different types: subject (Where I am going is unknown), object, predicative (with link-verb), attributive, adverbial and etc. A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. (We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong. Баҳор келди, майсалар кўкарди ва далалар кўм-кўк тусга кирди).
Hence, general differences and similarities of a complex sentence of three compared languages can be seen from their classification according to its structure below:
In English they are divided into three big groups:
In Russian they may be classified into two big groups which contain several subgroups according to its structure, meaning, interconnection and head part:
In Uzbek they are divided into 4 big types which some types also can have several subdivisions according to the conjugations:
Generally, there can be observed differences, similarities and distinctive features in the deep comparative analysis of the types above. Such as compound-complex features are typical only for the English and Uzbek languages and cannot be found in Russian. Or else Russian and Uzbek have syndetic and asyndetic features of dividing sentences into types while English has another criterion for this.
Additionally, as a similarity can be considered the following characteristics are alike in all three languages, there are two or more subjects and predicates in the compound and complex sentences. Two or more sentences in compound sentences are combined with coordinative conjunctions in compared languages (and, but, or, и, но, или, лекин, ва, ёки). While in the complex sentence two or more sentences are combined with subordinate conjunctions in all three languages (if, because, если, потому что, агар, чунки). And the difference can be observed in English interrogative pronouns which can make a subordinate sentence. But in Uzbek, such sentences are considered as simple ones (A scientist is a person who studies a lot. Олим кўп ўқийдиган киши). Distinctively, in the English language in the unreal conditionals, plural form of verbs is used for both singular and plural subjects. But the Russian and Uzbek languages don’t have such phenomenon (If he were here, he would help us).
Thus another number of brief differences in syntactic level also can be listed in comparison of sentences of compared languages:
Russian and Uzbek sentences are longer than English ones, Russians and Uzbeks are fond of long and colorful phrases while the English text is composed of comparatively short sentences, it is “ethical” to use short words and brief structures. In translation, Russian and Uzbek sentences can be divided into 2-3 short ones.
The order of words in a sentence plays a great semantic role, the most important word stands at the beginning. E.g.:
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
