Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic uzbekistan state world languages university

1.4. Types of language comparison

The comparison may be of two types: substantial and non-substantial.

Under substantial comparison, linguists mean comparison of some concrete things or objects, e.g. sounds, digits, numbers, etc. Under non-substantial comparison, linguists mean comparison of systems and their elements.
At the early stages of typology development as a science, the major role is longed to the substantial comparison, which is considered primary. Yuri Rojdenstvenskiy' wrote "...in General Linguistics the relations between language systems were based on substantial features. The languages were considered cognate because the linguists found principal similarity in their substance: sound and content". Non-substantial comparison played a significant role in shaping Comparative Typology as an independent science.
There are two approaches to language description: internal and external.
Internal approach deals with the comparison of any concrete language systems. It is inner comparison within one concrete language. External approach deals with the cross-language comparison.
Comparative Typology may compare language systems panchronically whether they are alive or dead; besides, it may compare language systems synchronically and diachronically.
The diachronic approach is a stative study of a certain period. The synchronic approach is a dynamic one.
Questions for self-control:

1. 
   What does the term ‘typology’ mean?
   
2. 
   Do we use this term in everyday life?
   
3. 
   What is the role of Typology in Linguistics?
   
4. 
   What tasks does this subject have?
   
5. 
   What is the necessity of learning typology?
   
6. 
   What is the difference between Linguistic and Non-Linguistic typology?
   
7. 
   Name the periods of Comparative typology development.
   
8. 
   Name the factors of Comparative typology development.
   
9. 
   What directions of comparative typological investigations are known to us?
   
10. 
    How did Dr. Buranov classify Comparative typology?
    
11. 
    What does Comparative typology study?
    
12. 
    What can you say about different viewpoints on the Comparative typology?
    
13. 
    Speak about differences between linguistic and non-linguistic typologies.
    
14. 
    What methods of investigation do you know?
    
15. 
    How do you understand panchronical approach to the comparison of language systems?
    
16. 
    Characterize substantial and non-substantial types of comparison. Which is used in modern linguistics?
    
17. 
    What can you say about the internal and external approach to the comparison?
    
18. 
    Give the division of Comparative typology with the respect to different criteria.