Microsoft Word Theoretical Course of English Grammar

Nino Kirvalidze
71
“Joan recognized you, 
didn’t she
?” 
“The boat hasn’t left, 
has it
?”
Some grammarians (for example, Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech) speak about the fourth com-
municative type of sentences, that is, an exclamatory sentence. Exclamatives are sentences 
which have an initial phrase introduced by 
what
and 
how
, usually with subject – verb order. 
Exclamatory sentences are used for expressing the extent to which the speaker is impressed by 
something:
“What a fine watch he received for his birthday!” “How nice to see you again!”
2.
 
Structural types of sentences 
Depending on the number of the grammatical subject – predicate relationship, sentences 
in English are divided into simple and composite. Simple sentences are “monopredicative” by 
structure as they contain one subject – predicate relationship, while composite sentences are
“polypredicative” since they comprise two or more subject – predicate relationships. Simple 
sentences are subdivided into one-member and two-member sentences whereas composite 
sentences are subdivided into compound and complex ones.
A two-member sentence pattern is typical in English. There are two structural types of 
two-member simple sentences: unexpanded and expended. The unexpanded simple sentence is 
formed only by obligatory notional parts such as the subject, the predicate and the direct object, 
when necessary. For example: 
The boy is sleeping. Tom wrote a letter. 
The expanded simple 
sentence includes both the obligatory parts and some optional secondary parts (indirect object, 
attributes or adverbial modifiers). For example, syntactic parsing (
სინტაქსური
გარჩევა
) of the 
sentence – “The tall trees by the island shore were shaking violently in the wind.” – shows that 
this is an expanded simple sentence built upon the key-string “The tress were shaking”
with the 
help of a number of optional secondary parts modifying and expanding the predication: 
tall
= 

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Theoretical Course of English Grammar 
Script by prof.