Microsoft Word lexicologiya o'UM. doc



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Leksikologiya MAJMUA

(for example. 
Friday, cranberry). Bound 
grammatical morphemes are inflexions (endings), 
for example, 
-s for the plural of 
nouns, -ed for the Past Indefinite of regular verbs, -ing for the Present Participle, - er 
for the comparative degree of adjectives.
In the word forms 
«talk, talks, talked, talking)) 
we can receive the stem «talk». 
The stem which comes in the paradigm boy, boys, boy's, boys'is boy. In 
«teacher», 
«teacher's», «teachers)”, «teachers» 
the stem is «teacher».
Thus three are structural types of stems: simple, derived and compound. A 
simple stem is a part of the word which is identical with a root morpheme and to 


129 
which the grammatical elements are added
for example, book, tram, teach, table, 
girl, boy. 
A derived stem is such a stem which can be divided into a root and an affix: 
girlish, agreement, acceptable, teacher. But derived stems are not always 
polymorphirnic. 
For example.The 
stem of the verb «to fish» though it has no an affix 
in its structure it should be considered to be a derived stem as it is felt by the native 
speaker as more complex and semantically dependant on the simple stem o the noun 
«fish». Compound stems are stems which consist of two or more stems 
For example, 
match-box, paint-box, play-boy, bookcase, doorhandle etc.
«It will be safe to assume that all know what is meant by the word «word». I 
may consider that my typing fingers know it, defining a word as what comes between 
two spaces. The Greeks saw the word as the minimal unit of speech to them, too, the 
atom was minimal unit of matter. Our own age has learnt to split the atom and also 
the word. If atoms are divisible into protons, electrons and neutrons, what are words 
divisible into?» 
(Anthony Burgess) 
The stem 
«hop» 
can be found in the words: 
«hop», «hops», «hopped», 
«hopping». 
The stem 
«hippie» 
can be found in the words: 
«hippie», «hippies», 
«hippie's», «hippies'». 
The 
stem «job-hop» 
can be found in the words : 
«job-hop», 
«job-hops», «job-hopped», «job-hopping)). 
Stems have not only the lexical meaning but also grammatical (part-of- speech) 
meaning, they can be noun stems («g//7») adjective stems 
(«girlish))), 
verb stems 
(«expell») 
etc. They differ from words by the absence of inflexions in their structure, 
they can be used only in the structure of words.
Sometimes it is rather difficult to distinguish between simple and derived 
words, especially in the cases of phonetic borrowings from other languages and of 
native words with blocked (unique) root morphemes, For example 
«cranberry», 
«absence» 
etc.
As far as words with splinters are concerned it is difficult to distinguish 
between derived words and compound-shortened words. If a splinter is treated as an 
affix (or a semi-affix) the word can be called derived , For example-, 
«telescreen», 
«maxi-taxi» 

«shuttlegate», «cheeseburger». 
But if the splinter is
treated as a lexical shortening of one of the stems , the word can be called compound-
shortened word formed from a word combination where one of the components was 
shortened, 

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