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which the
grammatical elements are added,
for example, book, tram, teach, table,
girl, boy.
A derived stem is such a stem which can be divided into a root and an affix:
girlish, agreement,
acceptable, teacher. But derived stems are not always
polymorphirnic.
For example.The
stem of the verb «to fish» though it has no an affix
in its structure it should be considered to be a derived stem as it is felt by the native
speaker as more complex and semantically dependant on the simple stem o the noun
«fish». Compound stems are stems which consist of two or more stems
For example,
match-box, paint-box, play-boy, bookcase, doorhandle etc.
«It will be safe to assume that all know what is meant by the word «word». I
may consider that my typing fingers know it, defining a word as what comes between
two spaces. The Greeks saw the word as the minimal unit of speech to them, too, the
atom was minimal unit of matter. Our own age has learnt to split the atom and also
the word. If atoms are divisible into protons, electrons and neutrons, what are words
divisible into?»
(Anthony Burgess)
The stem
«hop»
can be found in the words:
«hop», «hops», «hopped»,
«hopping».
The stem
«hippie»
can be found in the words:
«hippie», «hippies»,
«hippie's», «hippies'».
The
stem «job-hop»
can be found in the words :
«job-hop»,
«job-hops», «job-hopped», «job-hopping)).
Stems have not only the lexical meaning but also grammatical (part-of- speech)
meaning, they can be noun stems («g//7»)
adjective stems
(«girlish))),
verb stems
(«expell»)
etc. They differ from words by the absence of inflexions in their structure,
they can be used only in the structure of words.
Sometimes it is rather difficult to distinguish
between simple and derived
words, especially in the cases of phonetic borrowings from other languages and of
native words with blocked (unique)
root morphemes, For example
«cranberry»,
«absence»
etc.
As far as words with splinters are concerned it
is difficult to distinguish
between derived words and compound-shortened words. If a splinter is treated as an
affix (or a semi-affix) the word can be called derived , For example-,
«telescreen»,
«maxi-taxi»
,
«shuttlegate», «cheeseburger».
But if the splinter is
treated as a lexical shortening of one of the stems , the word can be called compound-
shortened word formed from a word combination where one of the components was
shortened,
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