Microsoft Word Kurzweil, Ray The Singularity Is Near doc

Sydney Morning Herald
, August 4, 2003, 
http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/08/0311059849278131.html. See note 129 in chapter 5. See 
also S. C. Barton, J. Gallaway, and P. Atanassov, "Enzymatic Biofuel Cells for Implantable and 
Microscale Devices," 
Chemical Reviews
104.10 (October 2004): 4867–86. 
14.
J. M. Hunt has calculated that there are 1.55 
°
10
19
kilograms (10
22
grams) of organic carbon on 
Earth. Based on this figure, and assuming that all "organic carbon" is contained in the biomass 
(note that the biomass is not clearly defined, so we are taking a conservatively broad approach), we 
can compute the approximate number of carbon atoms as follows: 
Average atomic weight of carbon (adjusting for isotope ratios) = 12.011. 
Carbon in the biomass = 1.55 
°
10
22
grams / 12.011 = 1.3 
°
10
21
mols. 
1.3 
°
10
11
°
6.02 
°
10
23
(Avogadro's number) = 7.8 
°
10
44
carbon atoms. 
J. M. Hunt, 
Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology
(San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1979). 
15.
Robert A. Freitas Jr., "The Gray Goo Problem," March 20, 2001, 
http://www.KurzweilAI.net/articles/art0142.html. 
16.
"Gray Goo Is a Small Issue," Briefing Document, Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, 
December 14, 2003, http://crnano.org/BD-Goo.htm; Chris Phoenix and Mike Treder, "Safe 
Utilization of Advanced Nanotechnology," Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, January 2003, 
http://crnano.org/safe.htm; K.Eric Drexler, 
Engines of Creation
, chapter 11, "Engines of 
Destruction" (New York: Anchor Books, 1986), pp. 171–90, 
http://www.foresight.org/EOC/EOC_Chaptec11.html; Robert A. Freitas Jr. and Ralph C. Merkle, 
Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines
, section 5.11, "Replicators and Public Safety" (Georgetown, 
Tex.: Landes Bioscience, 2004), pp. 196–99, 
http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/KSRM/5.11.htm. and section 6.3.1, "Molecular Assemblers 
Are Too Dangerous," pp. 204–6, http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/KSRM/6.3.1.htm; Foresight 
Institute, "Molecular Nanotechnology Guidelines: Draft Version 3.7," June 4, 2000, 
http://www.foresight.org/guidelines/. 
17.
Robert A. Freitas Jr., "Gray Goo Problem" and "Some Limits to Global Ecophagy by Biovorous 
Nanoreplicators, with Public Policy Recommendations," Zyvex preprint, April 2000, section 8.4 
"Malicious Ecophagy" and section 6.0 "Ecophagic Thermal Pollution Limits (ETPL)," 
http://www.foresight.org/NanoRev/Ecophagy.html. 
18.
Nick D. Bostrom, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related 
Hazards," May 29, 2001, 
http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0194.html. 
19.
Robert Kennedy, 
13 Days
(London: Macmillan, 1968), p. 110. 
20.
In H. Putnam, "The Place of Facts in a World of Values," in D. Huff and O. Prewitt, eds., 
The 
Nature of the Physical Universe
(New York: John Wiley, 1979), p. 114. 
21.
Graham Allison, Nuclear Terrorism (New York: Times Books, 2004). 
22.
Martin I. Meltzer, "Multiple Contact Dates and SARS Incubation Periods," 
Emerging Infectious 
Diseases
10.2 (February 2004), http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no2/03-0426-G1.htm. 

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23.
Robert A. Freitas Jr., "Microbivores: Artificial Mechanical Phagocytes Using Digest and Discharge 
Protocol," Zyvex preprint, March 2001, http://www.rfreitas.com/Nano/Microbivores.htm, and 
"Microbivores: Artificial Mechanical Phagocytes,"