Microsoft Word Kurzweil, Ray The Singularity Is Near doc

Chapter Six: The Impact . . . 
1.
Donovan, "Season of the Witch," 
Sunshine Superman
(1966). 
2.
Reasons for the reduction in farm workforce include the mechanization that lessened the need for 
animal and human labor, the economic opportunities that were created in urban areas during World 
War II, and the development of intensive farming techniques that required less land for comparable 
yields. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Trends in U.S. 
Agriculture, http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/trends/farmpopulation.htm. Computer-assisted 
production, just-in-time production (which results in lower inventory), and offshoring 
manufacturing to reduce costs are some of the methods that have contributed to the loss of factory 
jobs. See U.S. Department of Labor, 
Futurework: Trends and Challenges of Work in the 21st 
Century
, http://www.dol.gov/asp/programs/history/herman/reports/futurework/report.htm. 
3.
For example, see Natasha Vita-More, "The New [Human] Genre Primo [First] Posthuman," paper 
delivered at Ciber@RT Conference, Bilbao, Spain, April 2004, http://www.natasha.cc/paper.htm. 
4.
Rashid Bashir summarizes in 2004: 
Much progress has also been made in therapeutic micro- and nanotechnology....Some specific 
examples include (i) silicon-based implantable devices that can be electrically actuated to open 
an orifice from which preloaded drugs can be released, (ii) silicon devices functionalized with 
electrically actuated polymers which can act as a valve or muscle to release preloaded drugs, 
(iii) silicon-based micro-capsules with nano-porous membranes for the release of insulin, (iv) 
all polymer (or hydrogel) particles which can be preloaded with drugs and then forced to 
expand upon exposure to specific environmental conditions such as change in pH and release 
the loaded drug, (v) metal nano-particles coated with recognition proteins, where the particles 
can be heated with external optical energy and can locally heat and damage unwanted cells and 
tissue, etc. 

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R. Bashir, "BioMEMS: State-of-the-Art in Detection, Opportunities and Prospects," 
Advanced 
Drug Delivery Reviews
56.11 (September 22, 2004): 1565–86. Reprint available at 
https://engineering.purdue.edu/LIBNA/pdf/publications/BioMEMS%20review%20ADDR%20final
.pdf. See also Richard Grayson et al., "A BioMEMS Review: MEMS Technology for 
Physiologically Integrated Devices," 
IEEE Proceedings
92 (2004): 6–21. 
5.
For activities of the International Society for BioMEMS and Biomedical Nanotechnology, see 
http://www.bme.ohio-state.edu/isb. BioMEMS conferences are also listed on the SPIE Web site, 
http://www.spie.org/Conferences. 
6.
Researchers used a gold nanoparticle to monitor blood sugar in diabetics. Y. Xiao et al., " 'Plugging 
into Enzymes': Nanowiring of Redox Enzymes by a Gold Nanoparticle," 
Science
299.5614 (March 
21, 2003): 1877–81. Also see T.A. Desai et al., "Abstract Nanoporous Microsystems for Islet Cell 
Replacement," 
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
56.11 (September 22, 2004): 1661–73. 
7.
A. Grayson, et al., "Multi-pulse Drug Delivery from a Resorbable Polymeric Microchip Device," 
Nature Materials
2 (2003): 767–72. 
8.
Q. Bai and K. D. Wise, "Single-Unit Neural Recording with Active Microelectrode Arrays," 
IEEE 
Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
48.8 (August 2001): 911–20. See the discussion of Wise's 
work in J. DeGaspari, "Tiny, Tuned, and Unattached," 
Mechanical Engineering
(July 2001), 
http://www.memagazine.org/backissues/july01/features/tinytune/tinytune.html; K. D. Wise, "The 
Coming Revolution in Wireless Integrated MicroSystems," Digest International Sensor Conference 
2001 (Invited Plenary), Seoul, October 2001. Online version (January 13, 2004): 
http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee392s/Stanford392S-kw.pdf. 
9.
" 'Microbots' Hunt Down Disease," BBC News, June 13, 2001, 
http://news.bbc.co.uk/l/hi/health/1386440.stm. The micromachines are based on cylindrical 
magnets; see K. Ishiyama, M. Sendoh, and K. I. Arai, "Magnetic Micromachines for Medical 
Applications,"