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5.
 
 Deducing the speaker’s attitude
In some monologues it will be important to deduce the stance the speaker is adopting towards 
the information that he or she is reporting. In EAP situations this is almost invariable done 
cautiously, using politeness strategies- certainly in the case of criticisms- and it is often 
difficult for non active speakers to deduce exactly what the speaker’s attitude is. 
 
Listening and speaking skills in ESP 
Good listening is vital in spoken interactions, particularly in business and goes beyond 
understanding the words and key points; it is a skill and an art. Active listening has been 
adopted from management interpersonal skills courses and is an example of an 
interdisciplinary crossover.
Active listening
includes the non-verbal and the verbal encouragement given to a speaker for 
example non-verbal physical expressions, gestures and movements, and verbal ‘back 
channeling’ devices such as ‘uh uh, really, that’s interesting, tell me more’ and questions.
Questioning is another skill and art needed for effective spoken interaction and, like active 
listening, it goes beyond just the words. Questioning is a powerful means of controlling 
communication. Questions can be asked for a range of purposes, using a variety of language 
forms. To ask questions, learners need to know several language structures: 
1.
 
use of the auxiliary with subject /verb inversion 
2.
 
‘Wh’ words +auxiliary +inversion 
3.
 
statements and intonation 
4.
 
statements +tags
One to one spoken interactions 
Many spoken interactions involve just two people; telephone conversations (excluding 
telephone conferencing) are one example. Telephone conversations can be difficult to handle 
mainly because of the absence of body language. Mehrabian’s results showed a listener’s 
trust and belief in what is said can depend more on the body language than on the words. 

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An additional difficulty is that certain stages or types of telephone call are still quite 
conventional and can use phrases that will not be met elsewhere: