Krasovskiy ellipsoidi bwyicha parallel va meridian
ё
ylar uzunligi
Kenglik, gradusda
Parallellar bwyicha 1
0
ё
y
uzunligi, m. h’isobida
Ekvatordan parallellargacha bwlgan
meridian
ё
yi uzunligi, m. h’isobida
Kenglik gradusda
Meridian
ё
yi uzunligi m.
h’isobida
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
111 321
111 305
111 254
111 170
111 052
110 901
110 716
110 497
110 245
109 960
109 641
109 289
108 904
108 487
108 036
107 552
107 036
106 488
105 907
105 294
104 649
103 972
103 264
102 524
101 753
100 952
100 119
99 257
98 364
97 441
96 488
95 506
94 495
93 455
92 386
91 290
90 165
89 013
87 834
86 628
85 395
84 137
82 852
81 542
80 208
000 000
110 576
221 153
331 732
442 312
552 895
663 482
774 072
884 668
995 268
1 105 875
1 216 488
1 327 108
1 437 737
1 548 373
1 659 019
1 769 675
1 880 341
1 991 017
2 101 706
2 212 406
2 323 118
2 433 844
2 544 583
2 655 336
2 766 103
2 876 886
2 987 683
3 098 497
3 209 326
3 320 172
3 431 035
3 541 915
3 652 813
3 763 728
3 874 622
3 975 613
4 096 584
4 207 573
4 318 580
4 429 607
4 540 654
4 651 719
4 762 804
4 873 908
-
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
20-21
21-22
22-23
23-24
24-25
25-26
26-27
27-28
28-29
29-30
30-31
31-32
32-33
33-34
34-35
35-36
36-37
37-38
38-39
39-40
40-41
41-42
42-43
43-44
-
110 576
110 577
110 579
110 580
110 583
110 587
110 590
110 596
110 600
110 607
110 613
110 620
110 629
110 636
110 646
110 656
110 666
110 676
110 689
110 700
110 712
110 726
110 739
110 753
110 767
110 783
110 797
110 814
110 829
110 846
110 863
110 880
110 898
110 915
110 934
110 951
110 971
110 989
111 007
111 027
111 047
111 065
111 085
111 104
149
Jadvalning davomi
Kenglik, gradusda
Parallellar bwyicha 1
0
ё
y
uzunligi, m. h’isobida
Ekvatordan parallellargacha bwlgan
meridian
ё
yi uzunligi, m. h’isobida
Kenglik gradusda
Meridian
ё
yi uzunligi m.
h’isobida
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
78 848
77 465
76 057
74 627
73 173
71 697
70 199
68 679
67 138
65 577
63 955
62 394
60 773
59 134
57 476
55 801
54 108
52 399
50 674
48 933
47 176
45 405
43 621
41 822
40 011
38 187
36 352
34 505
32 647
30 780
28 902
27 016
25 122
23 219
21 310
19 394
17 472
15 544
13 612
11 675
9 735
7 791
5 846
4 985 032
5 096 176
5 207 339
5 318 521
5 429 723
5 540 944
5 652 185
5 763 445
5 874 723
5 986 021
6 097 337
6 208 672
6 320 025
6 431 395
6 542 783
6 654 189
6 765 612
6 877 051
6 988 506
7 099 978
7 211 465
7 322 967
7 434 483
7 546 014
7 657 588
7 769 116
7 880 686
7 992 268
8 103 862
8 215 467
8 327 082
8 438 707
8 550 341
8 661 984
8 773 635
8 885 293
8 996 958
9 108 629
9 220 306
9 331 987
9 443 673
9 555 362
9 667 053
44-45
45-46
46-47
47-48
48-49
49-50
50-51
51-52
52-53
53-54
54-55
55-56
56-57
57-58
58-59
59-60
60-61
61-62
62-63
63-64
64-65
65-66
66-67
67-68
68-69
69-70
70-71
71-72
72-73
73-74
74-75
75-76
76-77
77-78
78-79
79-80
80-81
81-82
82-83
83-84
84-85
85-86
86-87
111 124
111 144
111 163
111 182
111 202
111 221
111 241
111 260
111 278
111 298
111 316
111 335
111 353
111 370
111 388
111 406
111 423
111 439
111 455
111 472
111 487
111 502
111 516
111 531
111 544
111 558
111 570
111 582
111 594
111 605
111 615
111 625
111 634
111 643
111 651
111 658
111 665
111 671
111 677
111 681
111 686
111 689
111 691
150
88
89
90
3 898
1 949
0 000
9 778 747
9 890 442
10 002 137
87-88
88-89
89-90
111 694
111 695
111 695
151
Krasovskiy ellipsoidi bwyicha 1
0
maydonlar jadvali*
Graduslar km
2
Graduslar km
2
Graduslar km
2
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
20-21
21-22
22-23
23-24
24-25
25-26
26-27
27-28
28-29
29-30
12 310
12 306
12 299
12 288
12 273
12 255
12 208
12 238
12 179
12 146
12 110
12 070
12 026
11 973
11 928
11 874
11 816
11 755
11 690
11 622
11 550
11 475
11 395
11 313
11 227
11 138
11 046
10 950
10 851
10 749
30-31
31-32
32-33
33-34
34-35
35-36
36-37
37-38
38-39
39-40
40-41
41-42
42-43
43-44
44-45
45-46
46-47
47-48
48-49
49-50
50-51
51-52
52-53
53-54
54-55
55-56
56-57
57-58
58-59
59-60
10 643
10 534
10 422
10 307
10 189
10 067
9 942
9 814
9 684
6 550
9 413
9 274
9 131
8 986
8 838
8 687
8 533
8 377
8 218
8 057
7 892
7 726
7 557
7 386
7 212
7 036
6 838
6 677
6 495
6 310
60-61
61-62
62-63
63-64
64-65
65-66
66-67
67-68
68-69
69-70
70-71
71-72
72-73
73-74
74-75
75-76
76-77
77-78
78-79
79-80
80-81
81-82
82-83
83-84
84-85
85-86
86-87
87-88
88-89
89-90
6 123
5 935
5 744
5 552
5 358
5 162
4 964
4 765
4 564
4 362
4 158
3 953
3 747
3 539
3 331
3 121
2 910
2 699
2 486
2 273
2 059
1 844
1 629
1 413
1 196
978
761
544
326
109
* 1
0
maydon deganda, sferik trapetsiya qabul qilinib, uzoqlik bwyicha 1
0
kenglik bwyicha 2
0
qabul
qilingan.
152
Adabi
ё
tlar rwyxati
1.
Asomov M., Mirzaliev T.
Topografiya asoslari va kartografiya. Toshkent: «Wqituvchi», 1988.
2.
Asomov M., Mirzaliev T.
Topografiya asoslari va kartografiyadan labaratoriya mashg’ulotlari. Toshkent:
«Wqituvchi», 1990.
3.
Berlyant A.M.
Obzor prostranstva: karta informatsiya. M.: «M
ı
sl», 1986.
4.
Berlyant A.M.
Kartograficheskiy metod issledovaniya. M.: 1978.
5.
Ged
ı
min A.V., G.Yu.Gryunberg
i dr. Kartografiya s osnovami topografii. M.: «Prosveshenie», 1988.
6.
G’ulyamova L.X.
Geografiyada aerokosmik uslublar. Toshkent: «Universitet», 1993.
7.
Kartografiya na rubeje t
ı
syachaletiy. //Doklad
ı
I Vserossiyskoy nauchnoy konferentsii po kartografii. M.:
1997.
8.
Mirzaliev T.
Geografik karta va undan foydalanish. Toshkent: «Wqituvchi», 1977.
9.
Mirzaliev T.
Kartografiya. Toshkent: 1982.
10.
Mirzaliev T.
Geografik tadqiqotlarda aerokosmik metodlar. Toshkent: 1984.
11.
Mirzaliev T.
Kosmosning h’alq xwjaligidagi xizmati. Toshkent: «Meh’nat», 1987.
12.
Mirzaliev T., Bazarbaev A., Muxitdinov Sh
. Atlasnoe kartografirovanie v Uzbekistane. T.: 1990.
13.
Mirzaliev T.
Problem
ı
kompleksnogo i tematicheskogo kartografirovaniya Uzbekistana. Toshkent: «Fan»,
1987.
14.
Mirzaliev T., Ota–Mirzaev O.B.
Sotsial-iqtisodiy kartografiya: nazariya va amali
ё
t. Toshkent: 1998.
15.
Mirzaliev T.
Kartografiya (maruzalar matni). Toshkent: «Universitet», 2000.
16.
Salishev K.A.
Kartografiya. M: V
ı
sshaya shkola. 1982.
17.
Salishev K.A.
Kartovedenie. M., 1986.
18.
Piriev R.
Kartografiya. Boku: 1975.
19.
Hasanov H.H.
Say
ё
h’ olimlar. Toshkent: «Wzbekiston», 1981.
20.
Egamberdiev A.
Geodeziya asoslari va topografiyadan testlar. Toshkent: «Universitet», 1999.
21.
Egamberdiev A.
Kartografiya (maruzalar matni). 1-qism. Toshkent: 2000.
22.
Egamberdiev A.
Wzbekistonda kartografiyani shakllanishi, h’ozirgi h’olati, muammolari va istiqbollari.
Toshkent: «Universitet», 2001.
153
MUNDAR
İ
JA
Swz boshi ...................................................................................... 3
1 BOB. KARTOGRAF
İ
Ya VA GEOGRAF
İ
K KARTALAR
.............
5
1.1. Kartografiya tarifi va uning tarmoqlari ...................................... 5
1.2. Geografik kartaning elementlari............................................ 8
1.3. Geografik globus .................................................................. 11
2 BOB. KARTOGRAF
İ
Ya VA GEOGRAF
İ
K KARTALAR
TAR
İ
X
İ
N
İ
ASOS
İ
Y BOS
İ
ChLAR
İ
........................................ 16
2.1. Kartografiya tarixi twg’risida dastlabki
malumotlar............................................................................ 16
2.2. Wrta Osi
ё
da ilk kartografiya ................................................. 19
2.3. Wrta asrda Wrta Osi
ё
da kartografiya ................................... 23
2.4. Wrta asrlarda Evropada kartografiya.................................... 34
2.5. Yangi davr kartografiyasi...................................................... 37
2.6. Wzbekistonda kartografiya va uni rivojlantirish is-tiqbollari .. 41
3 BOB. KARTALARN
İ
NG MATEMAT
İ
K ASOSLAR
İ
....................
48
3.1. Kartografik proektsiyalar h’akida tushuncha......................... 48
3.2. Kartografik proektsiyalarning tasnifi ..................................... 51
3.3. Dun
ё
kartalarini tuzishda ishlatiladigan
proektsiyalar ......................................................................... 60
3.4. Yarim sharlar, materiklar va okean kartalari proek-tsiyalari.. 64
3.5. Sobiq
İ
ttifoq va uning ayrim h’ududlari h’amda chet mamlakatlar
kartalarining proektsiyalari ................................................... 69
3.6. Kartalarning tashqi kwrinishi, ramkalari va
komponovkasi ...................................................................... 73
3.7. Kartalarning twrlariga qarab proektsiyalarini
aniqlash va orientirlash................................................................ 74
4. BOB. KARTOGRAF
İ
K BELG
İ
LAR VA KARTOGRAF
İ
K TASV
İ
RLASh
USULLAR
İ
. KARTALARDAG
İ
Ё
ZUV-LAR
........................
77
4.1. Kartografik usullar va ularning roli ........................................ 77
4.2. Belgilar usuli ......................................................................... 81
4.3. Bir joyga tegishli diogrammalar usuli .................................... 84
4.4. Areallar usuli......................................................................... 85
4.5. Sifatli rang va miqdorli rang usullari...................................... 86
4.6. Teng chiziqlar usuli............................................................... 88
4.7. Nuqtalar usuli ....................................................................... 89
4.8. Kartadiagramma usuli .......................................................... 91
4.9. Kartagramma usuli ............................................................... 92
4.10. Chiziqli belgilar usuli........................................................... 94
4.11. Harakatdagi chiziqlar usuli ................................................. 95
4.12. Har xil usullarni kwshib tasvirlash....................................... 96
4.13. Kartadagi ishlatiladigan shkalalarni ishlab
chiqish ......................................................................................... 99
4.14. Relefni tasvirlash usullari.................................................... 100
4.15. Geografik kartalardagi
ё
zuvlar va geografik
nomlarning
ё
zilishi................................................................. 104
154
5. BOB. GEOGRAF
İ
K KARTALARN
İ
T
İ
PLAR
İ
VA ATLAS-LAR
.
107
5.1. Geografik kartalarning xususiyatlari va ularning tas-nifi ....... 107
5.2. Geografik kartalarning tiplari ................................................ 110
5.3. Mavzuli kartalar .................................................................... 111
5.4. Geografik atlaslar va ularning tasnifi .................................... 115
5.5. Wkuv atlaslari ....................................................................... 117
6. BOB. KARTOGRAF
İ
K GENERAL
İ
ZATs
İ
Ya
..............................
119
6.1. Kartografik generalizatsiya va uning xususyaitlari................ 119
6.2. Generalizatsiya turlari........................................................... 122
6.3. Har xil kartografik belgilarning generalizatsiyaga tasiri......... 124
7. BOB. KOSMOSDAN OL
İ
NGAN SURATLAR VA ULARDAN KARTALAR
TUZ
İ
Sh DA FOYDALAN
İ
Sh
..............................................
126
7.1. Kosmosdan olingan suratlar va ularning xususiyatlari.......... 126
7.2. Kosmik apparatlarning orbitalari........................................... 128
7.3. Kosmik apparatlardan olingan suratlarni tasni-
fi ........................................................................................... 131
7.4. Kosmik suratlarni deshifrovka qilish (wqish) ........................ 135
7.5. Kosmik suratlardan foydalanish ........................................... 137
7.6. Kosmik tadqiqotlarning h’alq h’wjaligidagi ah’amiya-
ti ........................................................................................... 139
7.7. Kosmik suratlarning geografik tadqiqotlardagi
axamiyati .............................................................................. 141
7.8. Kosmik suratlarning kartografiyadagi ah’amiyati .................. 144
8. BOB. GEOGRAF
İ
K KARTALARDAN FOYDALAN
İ
Sh
.............
148
8.1. Geografik kartalardan tadqiqot quroli sifatida foydalanish.... 148
8.2. Geografik karta va atlaslarni tah’lil kilish
va baxolash .......................................................................... 150
8.3. Karta
ё
rdamida wqib wrganish ............................................. 152
9. BOB. KARTA VA ATLASLARN
İ
LOY
İ
HALASh, TAHR
İ
R Q
İ
L
İ
Sh VA
TUZ
İ
Sh
...........................................................................
154
9.1. Karta va atlaslarmi loyih’alash .............................................. 154
9.2. Kartani tah’rir qilish ............................................................... 160
9.3. Kartani tuzish va jih’ozlash.................................................... 161
9.4. Kartani nashrga tay
ё
rlash va nashr qilish ............................. 162
9.5. Kartografiyada avtomatizatsiya............................................. 164
10. BOB. WQUV KARTALAR
İ
......................................................
166
10.1. Maktabda geografiyani wqitishda ishlatiladigan kar-tografik asarlar va
ulardan foydalanish .............................................................. 166
10.2. Wquv kartalari va ularni turlari............................................ 168
10.3. Wquv geografik kartalarning mazmuni va jih’ozlanish xususiyatlari 169
10.4. Wquv kartalarning matematik asoslari va
komponovkasi ...................................................................... 171
10.5. Maxsus maktab wquv kartalari ........................................... 172
10.6. Wquv wlkashunoslik atlaslari va wquv topografik kar-talar. 174
10.7. Kartani wq
ISH
va kartani tushunish ..................................... 175
10.8. Geoinformatsiom kartografiya ............................................ 177
11. BOB. DUN
Ё
KARTOGRAF
İ
YaS
İ
.............................................
179
155
11.1. Er sharini topografik kartalar bilam
taminlanishi ........................................................................ 179
11.2. Dengiz kartalari .................................................................. 180
11.3. Dun
ё
ning 1:1 000 000 va 1:2 500 000 masshtabli
kartalari............................................................................... 181
11.4. Kartografik imformatika va bibliografiya ............................. 188
11.5. Kartografik bibliografiya turlari............................................ 189
İ
lovalar......................................................................................... 192
Adabi
ё
tlar rwyxati
................................................................................................................
195
156
SHET EL MATERIALLARI (
İ
NTERNET SAYTLAR)
1.
ArcView® GIS (Using ArcView GIS). Environmental Systems Research Institute,
Inc., Redlands, CA 92373. – 1996. – 340 p.
2.
http:// www. gsi2000. ru
3.
http:// www. geopribori. ru
4.
h esti-m@ibrae.ac.ru. ttp:// www. gisinfo. Ru
5.
www.rustrana.ru
-
6.
133.
http://www.data
plus.ru
7.
134.
http://gis.lab.narod.ru
8.
135.
file://D:AV_Gis
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
BAH’ALAW KRITERIYALARI
a) 86-100 ball ushın studenttin bilim darejesi to’mendegilerge juwap beriwi kerek:
•
Juwmaqlaw ha’m qarar qabil etiw
•
Do’retiwshilik pikrley aliw
•
Erkin pikirley aliw
•
A’melde qollay biliw
•
Mazmunin tusindirip bere aliw
•
Biliw, aytip bere aliw
•
Tusinikke iye boliw
b) 71-85 ball ushın studenttin bilim darejesi to’mendegilerge juwap beriwi kerek:
•
Erkin pikirley aliw
•
A’melde qollay biliw
•
Mazmunin tusindirip bere aliw
•
Biliw, aytip bere aliw
•
Tu’sinikke iye boliw
v) 56-70 ball ushın studenttin bilim darejesi to’mendegilerge juwap beriwi kerek:
•
Mazmunin tusiniw
•
Biliw, aytip bere aliw
•
Tusinikke iye boliw:
g) to’mendegi jag’dayda studenttin bilim darejesi 0-55 ball menen bah’alanadı:
•
Aniq tusinikke iye bolmaw,
•
Bilmew
171
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