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Participant Group (N=46
Variable 


 


Age 
 
 
 
 
 
 Less than 25 

7.1% 
 

19.6% 
 25 to 34 
22 
39.3% 
 
10 
21.7% 
 35 to 44 

12.5% 
 
10 
21.7% 
 45 to 54 
15 
26.8% 
 

10.9% 
 55 and over 

14.3% 
 
12 
26.1% 
Gender 
 
 
 
 
 
 Male 
21 
37.5% 
 
11 
23.9% 
 Female 
35 
62.5% 
 
35 
76.1% 
Race 
 
 
 
 
 
 White 
56 
100.0% 
 
45 
97.8% 
 Non-White 

0.0% 
 

2.2% 
Ethnicity 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hispanic 

7.1% 
 

0.0% 
 Non-Hispanic 
52 
92.9% 
 
46 
100.0% 
Education 
 
 
 
 
 
 High school graduate or less 

12.5% 
 

6.5% 
 Assoc and Some college 
14 
25.0% 
 
21 
45.6% 
 Bachelor degree and post-grad 
35 
62.6% 
 
22 
47.9% 
Marital status 
 
 
 
 
 
 Single 
16 
28.6% 
 
20 
43.5% 
 Married 
40 
71.4% 
 
26 
56.5% 
Homeownership status 
 
 
 
 
 
 Homeowner 
45 
80.4% 
 
31 
67.4% 
 Not a homeowner 
11 
19.6% 
 
15 
32.6% 
Income 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lower: Less than $38,521 

9.0% 
 

10.8% 
 Moderate: $38,521 to $101,582 
29 
51.7% 
 
22 
47.8% 


 
74 
 
 Results 
 Financial Education and Change in Well-Being 
A series of t-tests were run to compare the pre and post six financial well-being measures 
among and between the participant (N = 46) and the control group (N = 56). The mean reported 
scores among the participant and control groups, as well as the results of t-tests investigating 
changes in scores between the pre and post survey, are shown in Table 3.2. Results of the t-tests 
were interpreted using a one-tailed t-value that aligned with the hypotheses. 
 
 
 Higher: Over $101,582 
22 
39.3% 
 
19 
41.3% 
Net Worth 
 
 
 
 
 
 Below 0 

12.5% 
 

15.2% 
 $1 to $49,999 
16 
28.6% 
 
14 
30.4% 
 $50,000 to $149,999 
12 
21.4% 
 
10 
21.7% 
 $150,000 and over 
21 
37.5% 
 
15 
32.6% 
Household size 
 
 
 
 
 
 One 

5.4% 
 

6.5% 
 Two 
28 
50.0% 
 
23 
50.0% 
 Three 

16.1% 
 
10 
21.7% 
 Four or more 
16 
28.6% 
 
10 
21.8% 


 
75 
Table 3.2 Well-Being in Relation to Participation in Workplace Financial Education 
Program (N=102
Financial Well-Being Measures 
Pre Survey 
Post Survey 

Q1: Savings Satisfaction 
 
 
 
  Participant 
1.93 
2.87 
  7.42*** 
  Control 
2.20 
2.88 
5.66*** 
Q2: Income Worry 
 
 
 
  Participant 
2.48 
3.02 
3.93*** 
  Control 
1.98 
2.80 
7.57*** 
Q3: Expense Worry 
 
 
 
  Participant 
2.17 
2.96 
5.14*** 
  Control 
1.86 
2.77 
7.57*** 
Q4: Debt Worry 
 
 
 
  Participant 
2.50 
2.72 
1.34* 
  Control 
2.29 
2.84 
   4.75*** 
Q5: Retirement Saving Satisfaction 
 
 
 
  Participant 
2.41 
2.87 
4.02*** 
  Control 
2.48 
2.96 
4.23*** 
Q6: Retirement Confidence 
 
 
 
  Participant 
2.24 
2.93 
5.29*** 
  Control 
2.52 
2.98 
4.29*** 
* p<0.10,  ** p<0.05,  *** p<0.01 
Note: Financial satisfaction was assessed using a scale where 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 
3= agree, and 4=strongly agree. 
 
 Differences among Participant and Control Groups 
For the savings satisfaction question, a significant increase in the average satisfaction 
scores was found among both the participant groupt(45) = 7.24, p = .001, and the control group, 
t(55) = 5.66, p = .001. For the income worry question, a significant increase in worry was found 
among both the participant group, t(45) = -3.93, p = .001, and the control group, t(55) = -7.57, p 
= .001, thereby decreasing well-being. The results for the expense worry question showed 


 
76 
significant increases in worry for both the participant groupt(45) = -5.14, p = .001, and the 
control group, t(55) = -7.57, p = .001, which decreases well-being. The debt worry question 
results indicated a significant increase in the average worry scores among the control group, 
t(55) = -4.75, p = .001, and the participant group, t(45) = 1.34, p = .092, negatively impacting 
well-being. The retirement savings confidence question indicated a significant increase in the 
average confidence scores among both the participant group, t(45) = 4.02, p = .001, and the 
control group, t(55) = 4.23, p = .001, which increases financial well-being. The results for the 
comfortable retirement confidence question showed a significant increase in the average 
confidence scores among both the participant group, t(45) = 5.29, p = .001, and the control 
group, t(55) = 4.29, p = .001, indicating increased well-being. 
 Differences between Participant and Control Groups 
To test the hypotheses that participation in a worksite financial education program would 
significantly improve well-being for the participant group as compared to the control group, a 
series of six independent t-tests were performed. The results of these analyses are shown in Table 
3.3. Results of the t-tests were interpreted using a one-tailed t-value that aligned with the 
hypotheses. The financial well-being variable distributions for the participant and control groups 
were sufficiently normal for the purposes of conducting the t-tests (i.e., skew < |2.0| and kurtosis 
< |9.0|; Schmider, Ziegler, Dannay, Beyer, & Buhner, 2010). A series of Levene’s F tests for 
homogeneity were performed for the pre survey, post survey, and change in scores for the six 
financial well-being measures. Where Levene’s F test indicated significance, the variances were 
assumed to be unequal and the t-tests was performed assuming unequal variances. When the 
results of the Levene’s F test indicated insignificance, the variances were assumed to be equal 
and the t-tests was performed assuming equal variances. Nonparametric tests were also 


 
77 
performed to provide a more robust analysis of the financial well-being scores between the 
groups. The Mann-Whitney test was used since there were an unequal number in the participant 
and control groups. 
Table 3.3 Financial Well-Being in Relation to Participation in Workplace Financial 
Education Program (N=102
Financial Well-Being Measures 
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