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Table 3.1: Higher education staff headcounts using professional and non-
professional categories
1988
1993
1996
1997
1998
Personnel category
No. %
No. %
No. %
No. %
No. %
Exec/Admin//Man
Instruct/Research
Specialist support
904 2%
1177 32%
1652 4%
1039 3%
12835 1%
2052 5%
1063 2%
13160 31%
2280 5%
1070 2%
13505 31%
2484 6%
1113 3%
13558 32%
2461 6%
Sub-total
14326 39%
15926 38%
16503 39%
17059 40%
17132 41%
Non-
professio
nal
Technical
crafts/trades
Non. prof. admin
Service
2284 6%
1000 3%
6805 18%
12767 34%
2 583 6%
970 2%
8 582 21%
13 362 32%
2436 6%
917
2%
9830 23%
12921 30%
2 327 5%
940
2%
10420 24%
12410 29%
2301 5%
988
2%
10333 25%
11096 27%
Sub –total
22856 61%
25497 62%
26104 61%
26097 60%
24718 59%
Total
37182 100%
41 423 100%
42 607 100%
43156 100%
41850 100%
Source: SAPSE Table 3.3
In 1998, academic instruction/research staff made up the largest category of the higher
education workforce (just under 32 %), followed by service staff (2%) and non-
professional administrative staff (25 %); specialist support staff (6 %); technical (5 %).
Executive administration and management (3 %) and crafts/trades (2 %). During 1988 to
1998, there were evident shifts in the racial composition of the overall higher education
staff complement, with the number of African staff rising from 30 % in 1988 to 31 % in
58
1993 – and to 38 % between 1993 and 1998. The proportion of white staff members
dropped from 55 % to 53 % in the same period and then more sharply to 47 % in 1998.
Coloured staff members increased between 1988 to 1993, and dropped in 1998 to almost
their 1988 levels. Their proportion remained at about 10 %. Indian staff increased during
the same period and proportion remained at about 5 %.
Table 3.2: Professional and non-professional staff headcounts by race 1988, 1993
and 1998
1988
1993
1998
Race
No. %
No. %
No. %
African
coloured
Indian
white
other
11 262 30%
3 930 11%
1 505 4%
20 437 55%
48 0%
13 037 13%
4 420 11%
1 959 5%
21 915 53%
92 0%
14 378 38%
3 990 9%
2 350 5%
21 124 47%
8 0%
Total
37 182 100%
41 423 100%
41 850 100%
Source: Sapse Table 3.3
Although the university workforce increased between 1988 and 1998 from about 30,000
to just below 35,000, with the highest increase in the professional category, the racial
composition was skewed. White staff was over-represented in all personnel categories
except service staff, while the converse was true for African staff. The proportion of
African staff in the executive/ management category increased from 3 % to about 15 % in
the period 1988 to 1998. The proportion of Indian and coloured staff in the same category
increased slightly while that of whites although declining from 94 % to 81 % remained
predominant. These figures seem to point in one direction – that of a likely over-
representation of one racial/cultural group in management positions (probably white male
staff, followed by white female staff).
59
Table 3.3: Professional and non-professional staff headcounts by gender 1988, 1993
and 1998.
1988 1993
1996
1997
1998
Gender
No. %
No. %
No. %
No. %
No. %
Male
Female
23 538 63%
13 644 37%
24 386 59%
17037 49%
24 270 57%
18 337 43%
24 296 56%
18 860 44%
23 224 55%
18 626 45%
Total
37 182 100%
41 423 100%
42 607 100%
43 156 100%
41 850 100%
Source: SAPSE Table 3.3
During the decade 1988 and 1998, the overall proportion of women staff increased from
37 % to 45 %, while that of male staff declined from almost 65 % to 55%.
As Cooper and Subotzky report, women were under-represented in most personnel
categories except in the Specialist –Support staff and non-professional administrative
category where they predominated (see Table 3.4). Even though there was a steady
increase in the overall proportion of women in all other categories between 1988 and
1998, they were heavily concentrated in the non-professional personnel categories and
highly under-represented in the professional categories particularly in the
executive/management category. In the academic category, women increased from 27 %
to 35 %, although mainly in categories traditionally associated with women such as
librarians and administrative staff. This profile can be assumed to indicate that the trend
might be similar today – with few women, of all races, among executive management
staff.
60
Table 3.4: Representation of women as a percentage of staff by personnel category
Personnel category
Total staff
%women
1988
Professional
Exec/ Admin/Man
Instruction/Research
Specialist support
650
9 665
1 382
8%
27%
50%
Sub-total
11 697 100%
Non-professional
Technical
Crafts/Trades
Non-professional
administration
Service
2 013
889
5 709
10 953
32%
8%
71%
27%
Sub-total
19 564 40%
1988 Total
31 261 36%
1998
Professional
Exec/ Admin/Man
Instruction/Research
Specialist support
790
10 442
1 881
19%
35%
59%
Sub-total
13 113 38%
Non
–professional
Technical
Crafts/Trades
Non-professional
administration
Service
1 905
763
7 592
8 618
34%
13%
71%
34%
Sub-total
18 878 48%
1998 Total
31 991 44%
Source: SAPSE Table 3.3 adapted from Table 7.5 in (Subotzky 2001:210)
Another assumption, founded on the historically racially determined institutional types
and racially stratified workforce, could be, that given the relatively low numbers of
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African academic personnel in both historically advantaged universities (HAUs) and
historically disadvantaged universities (HDUs), a correspondingly low number of female
academic heads of department. It would not be surprising therefore to encounter a
university with very few or no African heads of department.
Table 3.5: Professional and non-professional staff headcounts in the HAUs and
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