Microsoft Word 16. The Victorian Age & The Industrial Revolution doc



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119-2014-02-19-3. The Victorian Age

Change in women´s social role
In the middle of the 18C, there was a fashionable circle of women intellectuals known as the "Bluestockings" 
in London, led by Mrs. Montagu. At the end of the century. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-97) made her well-known 
appeal for women´s education, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), a right not recognized until the State 
Education Acts of 1870 and 1902. 
Men of letters often had a circle of close women friends with whom they corresponded (Swift, Pope, 
Richardson, Samuel Johnson...). 
Boarding schools for girls, like Miss Pinkerton´s Academy in Thackeray´s Vanity Fair were being opened in 
increasing numbers.
But the changing position of women in society was not altogether to their advantage, and this was 
particularly true of attitudes to the sexual relationship, especially those of Puritanism. The Puritan elevation of 
marriage and the family into something more sacred was incompatible with a frank acknowledgement of sensuality. 
The belief came into existence that a good woman does not have sexual desire. Since Puritanism was mainly a 
middle class set of codes, there tended to be a cleavage betweem middle and upper classes in this matter. It is 
evident in the difference between the upper class Fielding, whose women are "natural" and the idealized women in 
Richarson´s novels. In the 19C, the predominance of the middle classes caused the Puritan, Richardsonian view to 
prevail.
Women of strong character began to open up professions hitherto closed to them. They became writers, 
journalists and nurses. In industrial areas the began to achieve economic independence at a low level as workers in 
factories.
The Married Women´s Property Act of 1882 and 1892 removed the husband´s control over his wife´s 
money. Yet political changes did not take place until after the First World War when the 1918 Act allowed women 
over 30 to vote. Women over 21 had to wait until 1939. 

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