Microsoft Word 02Preface doc

Table 5.3 
 Com
p
onents of JICA’s Technical Cooperation at KEMRI 
 
78 
 
80 
    
85 
    
90 
 
   
95 
  
  
00 
   
 05 
06 
Ma
in c
ha
nge
s in 
health s
ector in 
Keny
a 
 
 
 
    
 
    
 
 
   
 
  
  
 
   
  
 
JI
CA Technical 
Cooperation 
Pr
ojects
 
 
 
 
    
 
    
 
 
   
 
  
  
 
   
  
 
Third Country
 
Training 
Programme 
 
 
 
    
 
    
 
 
   
 
  
  
 
   
  
 
G
ra
nt
 A
id
 
 
 
 
    
 
    
 
 
   
 
  
  
 
   
  
 
Objectives of JICA 
Programme 
 
 
 
    
 
    
 
 
   
 
  
  
 
   
  
 
Role of KEMRI in 
the country
 / 
Africa region. 
 
 
 
    
 
    
 
 
   
 
  
  
 
   
  
 
Blood screening
▲
H
Q
 of the African F
orum
 for Health S
ciences
ESACIPAC 
Construction of 
Facility
 
Improvement of 
facility
 
Im
provem
ent of research capability
 
Strengthening of training capability
 
Stronghold in the East Africa 
Development, production and disse
mination of diagnosis kits 
Com
m
unicable Dis
eas
e 
Res
earch and Control 
Pr
oject 
¾
 
Viral Diarrhoeal 
Dis
eas
es
 
¾
 
Bacterial Diarrhoeal 
Dis
eas
es
 
¾
 
Parasites 
Project of Keny
a Medical 
Research Institute 
¾
 
Viral Diarrhoeal 
Dis
eas
es
 
¾
 
Viral 
Hep
atitis
 
¾
 
Bacterial Diarrhoeal 
Dis
eas
es
 
¾
 
Parasites 
Project on Research and Control 
of Infectious
 Dis
eas
e 
 
¾
 
Viral Diarrhoeal Dis
eas
es
 
¾
 
Viral 
Hep
atitis
 
¾
 
Bacterial Diarrhoeal 
Dis
eas
es
 
¾
 
Parasites 
Research and Control of 
Infectious
 Dis
eas
e P
roject 
II 
¾
 
HIV/AIDS 
¾
 
ARI 
¾
 
Viral 
Hep
atitis
 
Research and Control of 
Infectious and Parasitic Disease 
project 
¾
 
Blood safety
 
¾
 
Opportunistic infections. 
¾
 
Parasites 
National AIDS Control Programme was started.
▲
▲
Restriction of health sector 
 
  (USAID 
programme) 
EPI wa
s sta
rte
d.
EPI covered all districts
▲
 
The Control of Diarrhoea Dis
eas
e P
rogram
 was
 s
tarted.
▲
National AIDS Com
m
ittee was established
▲
Starting USAID-JAPAN Partnership
▲
National Medical 
Research 
Institute belonging to MOH
 
Institute belonging to 
M
OH 
B
el
ongi
ng t
o 
MRD
S
T 
Belonging to MRTTT 
Revise of the National Health Strategic Plan 
▲
Re
vise
 of KEMRI Ma
ste
r Pla
n 
▲
▲
Jo
int res
earches
 were s
tarted with W
alter reed and CDC
▲
Jo
in
t research
es were started
 with
 W
ellco
m
e Tru
st at Kilifi
Pr
epared by
 the inves
tigation team
 

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73 
 
(2)
 
Components of JICA Cooperation according to the Diseases 
As shown in Table 4.3, each project targeted several diseases and research on specific 
diseases that occurred during a period covering several projects.    In consideration of 
this situation, project activities have been reshuffled on the basis of the incidence or 
occurrence of the diseases.   
A series of JICA technical cooperation activities targeted diarrhoea, acute respiratory 
infection (ARI), hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, schistosomiasis, and filariasis.    Components of 
JICA technical cooperation are summarized below: (activities of each project, inputs 
by JICA such as the dispatch of experts, C/P training and equipment provision are in 
the attached annex). 
 
1)
 
Hepatitis 
Hepatitis B Virus is a major cause of liver disease in Kenya.    Infection by the virus 
may be associated with chronicity, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.  WHO 
recommended that blood for transfusions must be screened for HBV, HIV and 
Treponema palladium, among other pathogens. 
All blood diagnostic kits utilized in Kenya, including the kit for Hepatitis B, were 
imported when JICA started research cooperation on Hepatitis in 1985.  Therefore, 
besides the epidemiological study of hepatitis, KEMRI focused on the prevention and 
control of viral Hepatitis B through the development and dissemination of a diagnostic 
kit for Hepatitis B (HEPCELL II).    HEPCELL II was approved as the official test kit 
for Hepatitis B by the GOK in 1992, thus, KEMRI supplied provincial and district 
hospitals with HEPCELL II, and also conducted TCTP and ICTP on the use of 
HEPCEL L II.    HEPCELL II has been distributed to public hospitals by the National 
Public Health Services (NPHLS) since 2003.     
 
Figure 5.3    Number of HEPCELL Kits Supplied 
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
No
. o
f Kits Su
pp
lied
 
Note:  A kit consists of reagents for 200 tests. 
Prepared by the investigation team 
 
As Figure 5.3 shows, the supply of HEPCELL II fluctuated in the range of 130 - 200 
kits over the period 1996 - 2001.    After 2002, the supplied volume increases rapidly 
and reached 1,055 kits in 2003.    KEMRI reported that public hospitals in rural areas 

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74 
 
screened 69,373 units of blood for transfusions over the period 1996 - 2000.  In 
addition, the Alpha Feto Protein detection test kit for the detection of Hepatitis C Virus 
(HCV) was developed, and an HCV-antibody detection kit is being developed by 
KEMRI. 
In addition, an exchange of notes was made on 4 August 2004 between the 
Government of Japan and GOK for establishing mass production facilities for blood 
test kits at KEMRI. 
 
2)
 
HIV/AIDS 
The number of HIV/AIDS infected people has rapidly increased since the first case of 
AIDS was diagnosed in a patient in 1984.    UNICEF reported that by the year 1992 
there would be more than 24,000 people infected with HIV/AIDS.  To counter the 
AIDS problem, a National AIDS Committee was established in 1985, and a National 
AIDS Control Programme was started in 1986.    In addition, the Kenya government 
has positioned HIV/AIDS as a critical issue during the seventh national three-year 
study (1994 - 97). 
In view of this situation, GOK requested the implementation of the Research and 
Control of Infectious Diseases Project Phase II, including HIV/AIDS as a new target 
disease.    As a result, JICA started activities on HIV/AIDS in 1996. 
Regarding cooperation for HIV/AIDS control, a diagnostic kit for HIV, namely