Methods of teaching and learning English at school, lyceum and college The questions to be discussed

4.3. Methods of FL teaching
There are many methods of teaching languages. Some have had their heyday and have fallen into relative obscurity; others are widely used now; still others have a small following, but contribute insights that may be absorbed into the generally accepted mix.
The grammar translation method instructs students in grammar, and provides vocabulary with direct translations to memorize. Most instructors now acknowledge that this method is ineffective by itself. It is now most commonly used in the traditional instruction of the classical languages.
Communicative language teaching (CLT) is an approach to the teaching of languages that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of learning a language. It continues to be popular, particularly in Europe, where constructivist views on language learning and education in general dominate academic discourse.
The direct method, sometimes also called natural method, is a method that refrains from using the learners' native language and just uses the target language. The direct method operates on the idea that second language learning must be an imitation of first language learning, as this is the natural way humans learn any language - a child never relies on another language to learn its first language, and thus the mother tongue is not necessary to learn a foreign language.
The audio-lingual method has students listen to or view recordings of language models acting in situations. Students practice with a variety of drills, and the instructor emphasizes the use of the target language at all times.
Blended learning combines face-to-face teaching with distance education, frequently electronic, either computer-based or web-based. It has been a major growth point in the ELT (English Language Teaching) industry over the last ten years.
Online teaching can also include tutoring on the Internet, there are those individuals who have actually started personal web sites for the specific use of online teaching or tutoring to help people learn about a subject or those who need help on their homework, obviously this is mostly for school age children and high school students but it is a form of online teaching as well. Imperatives are the main structures to transfer or communicate information. The student is not forced to speak, but is allowed an individual readiness period and allowed to spontaneously begin to speak when the student feels comfortable and confident in understanding and producing the utterances. There are five functional categories in language learning: personal, interpersonal, directive, referential, and imaginative.
In methodology of FLT the different approaches are used to distinguish methods. They can be classified according to different criteria.
1. According to the sources of information (sources transmission and acquiring the knowledge): 1) verbal methods - lecture, conversation, explanation; 2) method of working with a book - working on textbook,. reading additional literature, preparation of messages, abstracts; 3) method of observation, experiment; 4) methods of exercises and practice – practical experience of learners.
2. According to the quality parameters, as particular features of cognitive process, they are: 1) explanative-illustrative method; 2) reproductive method; 3) problem-recount method; 4) partly searching method; 5) research.

3. 
   In agreement with specifics of FLT and its action-oriented character there are methods of teaching: 1) demonstration (presentation); 2) explanation; 3) practice (training); 4) feedback and self-control.
   
4. 
   The methods of interaction between a teacher and learners oriented to the FLT in the aspect of organization are: 1) familiarization of the teaching material on the basis of visual-sensory perception; 2) independent comprehension of teaching material and operations with it; 3) practice for production of speech; 4) practice for reception of speech; 5) motivational production of oral and written speech; 6) motivational reception of oral and written speech; 7) control, correction and evaluation of speech acts in a productive aspect; 8) control, correction, evaluation of speech acts in a receptive aspect. These methods put together a hierarchical system; they are in collateral subordination; a learner moves from step of familiarization to comprehension, then to training and to using, i.e. to communication. As well as in teaching process it is necessary to undertake an assessment for effective gaining accuracy and fluency by learners. For this aims various ways (methods) are used.