Methods of conceptual analysis Constructive analysis Reductive analysis. Detectionanalyiss

-grammar is conceptualization
-knowledge of language emerges from language use






Cognitive linguistics has proposed a model of grammatical knowledge, construction grammar, that offers an alternative to the formalist model in which form and function (semantics and information structure) are separated in distinct components.







14 Topic: Paradigm as a science system

Paradigm comes from Greek παράδειγμα (paradeigma), "pattern, example, sample"




In linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure used paradigm to refer to a class of elements with similarities.
Etymology
Established 1475-85 from Late Latin paradīgma, from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma, “pattern”), from παραδείκνυμι (paradeíknumi, “I show [beside] or compare”) + -μα (-ma, “forming nouns concerning the results of actions”).





In his book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (first published in 1962), Kuhn defines a scientific paradigm as: "universally recognized scientific achievements that, for a time, provide model problems and solutions for a community of practitioners,i.e.,

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  - what is to be observed and scrutinized
  
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  - the kind of questions that are supposed to be asked and probed for answers in relation to this subject
  
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  - how these questions are to be structured
  
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