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ФИО автора:
Tursunov Rakhshona
Master, TerSU, Uzbekistan
Название публикации:
«CHEKHOV'S TRADITIONS IN RUSSIAN DRAMA OF
THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY»
Abstract: "Anton Chekhov has been and remains a moral compass; generations of
Russians have measured their lives against Chekhov's," stated Andrei Malaev-Babel,
assistant professor of theater, Florida State University/Asolo Conservatory at a Kennan
Institute lecture on 1 October 2007. Chekhov's societal impact is a reflection of the
importance of the role of authors in Russian society, which is far more pronounced in
comparison with other societies, said Malaev-Babel. For example, the passing in 2005
of the U.S. playwright Arthur Miller arguably evoked a wider response in the Russian
press and cultural circles than it did in the United States.
Key words: language ideology; national identity; loanwords; Russian; Uzbek
Historically, Russian authors have been prominent commentators on society and
politics, and that tradition continues today with figures such as Alexandr Solzhenitsyn,
Malaev-Babel observed. He traced the origin of the author's social role in Russia to
poet and author Alexander Pushkin. At a time in Russian history when writers were
predominantly aristocrats, Pushkin became the first literary figure to establish writing
as a profession. Malaev-Babel described how Pushkin emerged as an influential figure
following the rise of the Decembrist movement and its subsequent exile. Pushkin wrote
in defense of Tsar Nicholas I—but also in support of the Decembrists' ideals of
freedom. He continued to combine social commentary with his art and established
himself as a vital voice in Russian society. Upon Pushkin's death, the tsar, concerned
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by the potential for political demonstrations at the funeral, ordered Pushkin to be buried
in secret.
Other greats of Russian literature combined the roles of artist, activist, and moralist,
Malaev-Babel said. Nikolai Gogol intended his novel Dead Souls to be the first book
in a trilogy that would "restore Russia's soul." Gogol never completed the other two
books; he felt that he could not accomplish his goal through literature, and instead
turned to direct moral exhortations in his articles and correspondence. Leo Tolstoy
likewise made direct moral appeals to the Russian public both as an artist and as an
individual. Tolstoy's interest also touched on religious themes, and he sponsored a
number of religious pacifist sects, including some that eventually settled in Canada.
Anton Chekhov, the most frequently produced playwright after William Shakespeare,
also played a vital role in Russian society, according to Malaev-Babel. As a medical
doctor, Chekov participated in the first effort to perform a census on Sakhalin Island.
He interviewed and treated thousands of political and criminal prisoners and settlers
over the course of three months. Shocked by what he saw, he wrote a book titled The
Island of Sakhalin documenting his experiences. As a result of Chekhov's work on the
census and book, Malaev-Babel observed, Russian society was confronted with their
first exposure to the terrible living conditions and treatment of prisoners and settlers on
the island. Back home at his country estate, Melikhovo, he built schools and hospitals
for the poor and continually treated poor patients. In his hometown of Taganrog he
supplied books for public libraries, and endowed institutions that provided basic
education for the needy.
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Chekhov, however, never held himself up as an active example of humanitarianism;
instead, he kept his philanthropy private, stated Malaev-Babel. Chekhov also
intentionally refrained from delivering moral or political sermons in his literary works
or his public statements. Born into the first generation of a family of freed serfs,
Chekhov felt that inner freedom was more important than political or social freedom.
Malaev-Babel said that Chekhov's struggle to attain this freedom was painful work:
"Chekhov wrote that he was always ‘trying to squeeze out the slave in me.'"
This focus on the internal struggle for freedom was reflected in Chekhov's artistic
works. Malaev-Babel contended that Chekhov understood that no sermon can make a
lasting impression, and that no generic example or recipe for personal fulfillment
exists. Instead, Chekhov suggested that his fellow Russians should make their own
personal choices and solve their own moral dilemmas. In his writings, Chekhov would
point out what these dilemmas were, and what alternative paths might exist; but he
would keep his personal views on them completely private. He understood that
everyone was different, and therefore all individuals would have different paths,
different destinies, and different callings.
Chekhov's lack of directness opened him up to criticism and misunderstanding, said
Malaev-Babel. He was criticized by some both during and after his life for this lack of
directness and for "not living in his work." Actors would question him on how to
interpret the characters in his plays, and Chekhov would invariably tell them that all
the necessary information was in the text—although the clue might be as subtle as the
character entering a scene "wearing a fancy tie."
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Malaev-Babel said that "during Chekhov's life, many of his contemporaries said that
the very idea that somewhere in Yalta lives the writer Chekhov made their hard lives
bearable." They felt that Chekhov never lied to them, and that if he told his readers
how difficult the life of a Russian was, he never forced upon them his own personal
way of overcoming this difficult reality. "Thus one can say," concluded Malaev-Babel,
"that Chekhov influenced Russian society not by his example, but by his very
existence."
LITERATURE
1.
Алаудинова Д. ОҒЗАКИ НУТҚНИ ЎСТИРИШГА ДОИР ЎТКAЗИЛГAН
ПЕДAГOГИК ТAЖPИБA СИНОВ НАТИЖАЛАРИ //O ‘ZBEKISTON
RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O ‘RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI O
‘ZBEKISTON DAVLAT JAHON TILLARI UNIVERSITETI O ‘ZBEK TILI
VA ADABIYOTI KAFEDRASI. – С. 187.
2.
Алаудинова Д. ОҒЗАКИ НУТҚНИ ЎСТИРИШГА ДОИР ЎТКAЗИЛГAН
ПЕДAГOГИК ТAЖPИБA СИНОВ НАТИЖАЛАРИ //O ‘ZBEKISTON
RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O ‘RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI O
‘ZBEKISTON DAVLAT JAHON TILLARI UNIVERSITETI O ‘ZBEK TILI
VA ADABIYOTI KAFEDRASI. – С. 187.
3.
Алаудинова Д. ОҒЗАКИ НУТҚНИ ЎСТИРИШГА ДОИР ЎТКAЗИЛГAН
ПЕДAГOГИК ТAЖPИБA СИНОВ НАТИЖАЛАРИ //O ‘ZBEKISTON
RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O ‘RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI O
‘ZBEKISTON DAVLAT JAHON TILLARI UNIVERSITETI O ‘ZBEK TILI
VA ADABIYOTI KAFEDRASI. – С. 187.
4.
ALAUDINOVA
D.
PEDAGOGICAL
PRACTICE-TEST
RESULTS
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA, QUANTITY AND QUALITY MULTIPLIER
ANALYSIS //ЭКОНОМИКА. – Т. 8. – С. 7-10.
241
5.
ALAUDINOVA
D.
PEDAGOGICAL
PRACTICE-TEST
RESULTS
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA, QUANTITY AND QUALITY MULTIPLIER
ANALYSIS //ЭКОНОМИКА. – Т. 8. – С. 7-10.
242
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