Mechanical Characterization of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Sealants



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. Besides stress and temperature, the grain size effect needs to be considered as well. 
Generally, smaller grains cause faster creep due to the associated shorter diffusion paths [143].


Literature review 
35 
Figure 3-23 : Creep deformation map for a polycrystalline material [148]. 
To quantify the creep rate and identify the predominant creep mechanism, a single equation was 
suggested as a power law or an exponential function of stress. Norton and Bailey [149] proposed
the relationship:
𝜀̇ = 𝐴 ∙ 𝜎
𝑛
(3-10) 
where 
A
and 
n
are stress-independent constants. Since all mechanisms of steady-state creep are 
in some way dependent on diffusion and thermally activated process, the temperature 
dependence of the creep rate can be expressed as Arrhenius law [150] [151]:
𝜀̇ = 𝐴 ∙ 𝜎
𝑛
∙ 𝑒𝑥𝑝(− 
𝑄
𝑅𝑇
)
 
(3-11) 
 
where 
R
is the universal gas constant
Q
a characteristic activation energy.
The stress exponent 
n
depends on the actual operating creep mechanism. For diffusion creep its 
value is approximately 1, while for dislocation creep it is usually in the range 3-8. The typical 
n
values and their related diffusion mechanisms are listed in 
Table 
3
-
3
. Although 
n
and 
Q
are 
expected to be constant for one material, changes of the creep mechanism might occur and lead 
to discontinuities in the 
ε
– 
σ
or 
ε
– 1/
T
curve [152].


Literature review 
36 
Table 3-3: Creep exponents and diffusion paths for various creep mechanisms [143]. 
Creep mechanism 

Diffusion path 

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