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Tilshunoslikdagi zamonaviy yo
‘
nalishlar: muammo va yechimlar
47
restrictive factors, such as filtering based on religion, family, social rules and culture.
It should be said that culture is a filter for translation.
The difficulties caused by cultural differences may be the most serious
problem faced by translators, and they may also cause the most profound
misunderstandings to readers. Culture has its limitations in converting source text
into target text. The main problem in translation is undoubtedly influenced by
different cultural norms in the source language and the target language.
Religion is one of the obstacles that cause translation problems. Religion can
only be understood through its cultural language. In order to translate this religious
background, translators face some restrictions that cannot be translated. Because
religious texts are described in an implicit way, natural and effective translation is
almost impractical. In addition, religion and culture are intertwined. Religion is
rooted in the human mind and soul, and people accept it as the core of their hearts.
Therefore, it cannot be changed. This will stimulate people and cause them to react
negatively. Therefore, the translator's work is more difficult, and such work contrary
to religious belief must be avoided in the process of translation.
Every society spreads its own religious background through translation.
Cultural translation helps to understand the diversity of worship in different cultures.
For example:
Original text: Дарҳақиқат, мозористонда «ҳайя алалфалаҳ» хитобини ким
эшитар эди. (7)
Russian translation: В самом деле, разве на кладбище кто-либо услышит
призыв «Хайя алалфалах». (19)
Chinese translation:
难道坟墓中的人还能听到
“
救命
”
的呼唤吗？
(13)
«Ҳайя алалфалаҳ» is an Islamic term. In the Russian translation, the translator
directly used the words in the original text to translate them by transliteration, and
explained the meaning of the word in a footnote. However, in the Chinese
translation, the translator translated according to the meaning of the word.
We discussed the limitations of the translation process, but we would like to
add that translation must not only convey the basic aspects and characteristics of
culture, but also modern science and foreign history. Therefore, translators spread
culture across national borders.
Translation plays a vital role in making a culture universal. Without cultural
similarity and universality, people of different cultures cannot communicate with
each other, and translation is impossible. However, due to differences between
various cultures, semantic equivalence is limited to certain aspects. Understanding
unfamiliar cultures and habits is formed in the process of human growth, and some
of these cultures will become part of our way of life. Because translation conveys
Tilshunoslikdagi zamonaviy yo
‘
nalishlar: muammo va yechimlar
48
culture, behind this culture, we unconsciously understand the cultures and people's
habits in different regions.
Correct translation will make readers think about the cultural background of
the source language. With proper translation, readers or audiences of the target
language and culture will get a lot of useful information. For example: The novel
《
The days gone by
》
is characterized by paying great attention to details such as the
appearance of the characters and the description of their costumes. These details also
reflect their social status, personal qualities, and morals.
Original text: Шу чорхари айвоннинг ўрта бир ерида, устига атлас
кўрпалар ёпилған танчанинг тўрида деворга суяниб, аврасига қора мовут
сирилган совсар пўстин кийиб бир киши (Мирзакарим-кутидор) ўлтурадир.
（
13
）
Russian Translation: В центре айвана, в конце укрытого атласными
одеялами сандала, прислонившись к стене, сидит человек (Мирзакарим-
кутидор), накинувший на себя кунью шубу, подбитую черным сукном. (31)
Chinese translation:
凉台上，在炭火盆旁边坐着一个穿着貂皮大一的人
(
米尔扎卡里姆
·
库季多尔
)
，大一外面裹着一层呢子。（
23-24
）
This paragraph allows readers to understand the clothes of Uzbek merchants
at that time. It must be mentioned here that sable fur is popular with Uzbek
merchants. The next example is a reproduction of the appearance and costume
description of Mirza Karim Kujidor's wife.
Original text: Танчанинг икки биқинида икки хотин: булардан биттаси
ичидан атлас кўйнак, устидан одми хон атлас гуппи кийган, бошиға оқ
даканани хом ташлаған, ўттуз беш ёшлар чамалиқ гўзал, хуш бичим бир хотин.
(13)
Russian Translation: По обе стороны сандала расположились две
женщины: одна из них — статная, красивая, с открытым, приветливым и
кротким, выражающим полное повиновение мужу лицом — женщина лет
тридцати пяти, од етая в атласное платье, короткую ватную стеганую
душегрейку, на голову накинут белый платок. (31)
Chinese translation:
这儿坐着两位妇女：两位女士长得很匀称，面容慈
祥。奥夫托比
·
阿依姆穿着绸缎连衣裙，披着一条暗色绸缎的短披肩，头上戴
着纱巾。（
24
）
As we can see, cultural characteristics are also expressed here
：
“одми хон
атлас гуппи” in the Russian translation and the Chinese translation, it becomes
“короткую ватную стеганую душегрейку”
，
and “
一条暗色绸缎的短披肩
”.
However, it is not said in the original text that it is short. On the contrary, “гуппи”
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