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2^ Valery Tishkov, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union: The Mind Aflame (London ; Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications Ltd, 1996), 571–591.

3^ A. N. Yamskov, “Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus,” Theory and Society 20, no. 5 (October 1, 1991): 631–60, doi:10.1007/BF00232663.

4^ CIA, “Armenia” (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011), https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html.

5^ CIA, “Azerbaijan” (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011), https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.html.

6^ CIA, “Georgia” (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011), https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gg.html.

7^ Christoph Zurcher, The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus (New York: NYU Press, 2009), 200.

8^ Jonathan Wheatley, The Integration of National Minorities in the Samtskhe-Javakheti and Kvemo Kartli Provinces of Georgia. Five Years into the Presidency of Mikheil Saakashvili (European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI), September 2009), 5, http://www.ecmicaucasus.org/upload/publications/working_paper_44_en.pdf.

9^ Stuart J. Kaufman, Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, 1 edition (New York: Cornell University Press, 2001).

10^ Valery A. Tishkov, “Ethnic Conflicts in the Context of Social Science Theories,” in Ethnicity and Power in the Contemporary World, Kumar Rupesinghe and Valery A. Tishkov ed (Tokyo, New York, Paris: Unitied Nations University Press, 1996).

11^ Chirikba, Viacheslav A., “The Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict: In Search for Ways out,” in Georgians and Abkhazians. The Search for a Peace Settlement., Bruno Coppieters, Ghia Nodia and Yuri Anchabadze (Brussel: Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1998), http://poli.vub.ac.be/publi/Georgians/chp0301.html; See also: Elkhan Nuriyev, The South Caucasus at the Crossroads: Conflicts, Caspian Oil and Great Power Politics (Paperback) - Common (Lit Verlag, 2007).

12^ Valery A. Tishkov, “Ethnic Conflicts in the Context of Social Science Theories.”

13^ Kaufman, Modern Hatreds, 82–83.

14^ Ghia Nodia, “Causes and Vision of Conflict in Abkhazia,” Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post- Soviet Studies, Working Paper Series (Berkeley: University of California, 1997), http://iseees.berkeley.edu/bps/publications/1997_02-nodi.pdf.

15^Donald L. Horowitz, The Deadly Ethnic Riot (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).

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18^ Vicken Cheterian, War and Peace in the Caucasus. Ethnic Conflict and the New Geopolitics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 30-31.

19^ Vicken Cheterian, War and Peace in the Caucasus: Russia’s Troubled Frontier (London: Hurst, 2011).

20^ Thomas de Waal, The Caucasus: An Introduction (Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).

21^ Zurcher, The Post-Soviet Wars.

22^ Svante E. Cornell, Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus (Routledge, 2005).

23^ Tishkov, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union.

24^ Cornell, Small Nations and Great Powers; Cheterian, War and Peace in the Caucasus, 2011; Kaufman, Modern Hatreds; Valery A. Tishkov, “Ethnic Conflicts in the Context of Social Science Theories”; Thomas de Waal, Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War (New York: NYU Press, 2004); Zurcher, The Post-Soviet Wars; Mark Malkasian, “Gha-Ra-Bagh!”: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia (Detroit, Mich: Wayne State University Press, 1996).

25^ Andreas Wimmer, Lars-Erik Cederman, and Brian Min, “Ethnic Politics and Armed Conflict: A Configurational Analysis of a New Global Data Set,” American Sociological Review 74, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 316–37, doi:10.1177/000312240907400208.

26^ Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, Updated Edition With a New Preface, 2nd edition (Berkeley, Calif.; London: University of California Press, 2000).

27^ Amalendu Misra, Politics of Civil Wars: Conflict, Intervention & Resolution (London ; New York: Routledge, 2008).

28^ Emilie M. Hafner-Burton and Alexander H. Montgomery, “War, Trade, and Distrust: Why Trade Agreements Don’t Always Keep the Peace,” Conflict Management and Peace Science 29, no. 3 (July 1, 2012): 257–78, doi:10.1177/0738894212443342.

29^ Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, “Greed and Grievance in Civil War,” Oxford Economic Papers 56, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 563–95, doi:10.1093/oep/gpf064.

30^ Jaroslav Tir, “Territorial Diversion: Diversionary Theory of War and Territorial Conflict,” The Journal of Politics 72, no. 02 (2010): 413–25, doi:10.1017/S0022381609990879.

31^ Jeffrey T. Checkel, Transnational Dynamics of Civil War (Cambridge University Press, 2014).

32^ Nils Petter Gleditsch et al., “Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset,” Journal of Peace Research 39, no. 5 (September 1, 2002): 615–37, doi:10.1177/0022343302039005007.

33^ Wimmer, Cederman, and Min, “Ethnic Politics and Armed Conflict,” 316–317.

34^ Lars-Erik Cederman and Luc Girardin, “Beyond Fractionalization: Mapping Ethnicity onto Nationalist Insurgencies,” American Political Science Review 101, no. 01 (2007): 173–85, doi:10.1017/S0003055407070086; Nicholas Sambanis, “Do Ethnic and Nonethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes? A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry (Part 1),” Journal of Conflict Resolution 45, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 259–82, doi:10.1177/0022002701045003001; James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, “Explaining Interethnic Cooperation,” The American Political Science Review 90, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 715–35, doi:10.2307/2945838.

35^ Kristine Eck, “From Armed Conflict to War: Ethnic Mobilization and Conflict Intensification,” International Studies Quarterly 53, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 369–88, doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00538.x; Stathis N. Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil War, 1 edition (Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

36^ John Mueller, “The Banality of ‘Ethnic War,’” International Security 25, no. 1 (July 1, 2000): 42–70, doi:10.1162/016228800560381.

37^ Stathis N. Kalyvas, “‘New’ and ‘Old’ Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction?,” World Politics 54, no. 01 (2001): 99–118, doi:10.1353/wp.2001.0022.

38^ William Rose, “The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict: Some New Hypotheses,” Security Studies 9, no. 4 (2000): 1–51, doi:10.1080/09636410008429412; Michael Edward Brown, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict (MIT Press, 2001).

39^ Sambanis, “Do Ethnic and Nonethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes?”.

40^ Eric Kaufmann and Daniele Conversi, “Ethnicity and Nationalist Mobilization,” in The Study of Ethnicity and Politics: Recent Analytical Developments, Adrian Guelke and Jean Tournon ed. (Opladen: Barbara Budrich Publishers, 2012), 50.

41^ John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, Ethnicity (Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 6–7.

42^ Max Weber, “The Origins of Ethnic Groups,” John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith ed. (Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 35–40; Clifford Geertz, “Primordial Ties,” in Ethnicity, John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith ed. (Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 40–45.

43^ Anthony D. Smith, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1995); Prof Anthony D. Smith and Anthony Smith, Nationalism and Modernism (London ; New York: Routledge, 1998).

44^ Smith, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era, 31.

45^ Ibid., 32; John Hutchinson and Anthony Smith, Nationalism (Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 3.

46^ Pierre L. van den Berghe, “Race and Ethnicity: A Sociobiological Perspective,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 1, no. 4 (1978): 403, doi:10.1080/01419870.1978.9993241.

47^ Ibid., 406–407.

48^ Smith and Smith, Nationalism and Modernism, 146–150; Bradley A. Thayer, Darwin and International Relations: On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2009).

49^ Pierre van den Berghe, “A Socio-Biological Perspective,” in Nationalism, John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 97.

50^ Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (University of California Press, 1985), 52.

51^ Jack David Eller and Reed M. Coughlan, “The Poverty of Primordialism: The Demystification of Ethnic Attachments,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 16, no. 2 (1993): 183–202, doi:10.1080/01419870.1993.9993779.

52^ Fearon and Laitin, “Explaining Interethnic Cooperation”; Paul R. Brass, “Ethnic Groups and Ethnic Identity Formation,” in Ethnicity, John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 85–90.

53^ Walker Connor, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding (Princeton University Press, 1994).

54^ Paul R. Brass, Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison (SAGE Publications, 1991), 111.

55^ Milton J. Esman, Ethnic Politics, 1 edition (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), 15.

56^ Smith and Smith, Nationalism and Modernism, 146–150.

57^ David A. Lake et al., The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation (Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1998), 7.

58^ Barry R. Posen, “The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict,” Survival 35, no. 1 (1993): 27–47, doi:10.1080/00396339308442672.

59^ Kaufman, Modern Hatreds, 32–34.

60^ Stephen M. Saideman, The Ties That Divide: Ethnic Politics, Foreign Policy, and International Conflict (Columbia University Press, 2013); Stephen M. Saideman et al., “Democratization, Political Institutions, and Ethnic Conflict A Pooled Time-Series Analysis, 1985-1998,” Comparative Political Studies 35, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 103–29, doi:10.1177/001041400203500108.

61^ Lars-Erik Cederman, Andreas Wimmer, and Brian Min, “Why Do Ethnic Groups Rebel? New Data and Analysis,” World Politics 62, no. 01 (2010): 87–119, doi:10.1017/S0043887109990219.

62^ Stefan Wolff, Disputed Territories: The Transnational Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict Settlement (New York; Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2004).

63^ Stefan Wolff, Ethnic Conflict: A Global Perspective, 1st edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 2.

64^ -January 1 1969, Political Order in Changing Societies, 3rd edition (Yale University Press, n.d.); Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, 3rd edition (Yale University Press, 1969).

65^ Ted Robert Gurr, Handbook of Political Conflict: Theory and Research (Free Press, 1980), 3–4.

66^ Harry H. Eckstein, “Theoretical Approaches to Explaining Collective Political Violence,” in Handbook of Political Conflict: Theory and Research, Ted Robert Gurr ed. (Free Press, 1980), 137.

67^ Ibid., 143.

68^ Ted Robert Gurr, Peoples Versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century (Washington, D.C: United States Institute of Peace, 2000), 163.

69^ Donald L Horowitz, “Democracy in Divided Societies,” Journal of Democracy 4, no. 4 (1993): 18–38, doi:10.1353/jod.1993.0054.

70^ Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 2007).

71^ Eric Nordlinger, “Political Development, Time Sequences and Rates of Change,” in Political Development and Social Change, James L. Finkle and Robert Grable, ed (New York: Wiley, 1971), 458.

72^ Mansfield and Snyder, Electing to Fight.

73^ Malcolm B. Hamilton, “The Elements of the Concept of Ideology,” Political Studies 35, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 18–38, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1987.tb00186.x.

74^ Rick Fawn and Rick Fawn, Ideology and National Identity in Post-Communist Foreign Policy, 1 edition (Routledge, 2004), 3–4.

75^ K. J. Holsti, International Politics: A Framework for Analysis, 7 edition (Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Pearson, 1994), 266–267.

76^ Wendell Bell, Walter E. Freeman, and International Studies Association, Ethnicity and Nation-Building: Comparative, International, and Historical Perspectives (Sage Publications, 1974).

77^ Misra, Politics of Civil Wars, 15.

78^ Jeffrey R. Seul, “`Ours Is the Way of God’: Religion, Identity, And Intergroup Conflict,” Journal of Peace Research 36, no. 5 (September 1, 1999): 553–69, doi:10.1177/0022343399036005004.

79^ Timothy Samuel Shah et al., Rethinking Religion and World Affairs (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).

80^ Matthias Basedau et al., “Do Religious Factors Impact Armed Conflict? Empirical Evidence From Sub-Saharan Africa,” Terrorism and Political Violence 23, no. 5 (2011): 752–79, doi:10.1080/09546553.2011.619240.

81^ In his study political scientist Houman A. Sadri undemines the explanatory power of “clash of civilization” theory in the South Caucasus. He argues that in order to understand to the security in this region, we have to address three major factors: separatism, internal instability and international rivalry. See: Houman A. Sadri, Global Security Watch - The Caucasus States (Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger, 2010).

82^ Thomas De Waal, “A War of Unintended Consequences,” Index on Censorship 33, no. 4 (2004): 55, doi:10.1080/03064220408537408.

83^ Michael W. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997); Leon N. Lindberg and Stuart A. Scheingold, Regional Integration;: Theory and Research (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, n.d.); John R. Oneal and Bruce Russett, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000).

84^ Gerald Schneider, Katherine Barbieri, and Nils Petter Gleditsch, Globalization and Armed Conflict (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003); Bruce Russett, John R. Oneal, and David R. Davis, “The Third Leg of the Kantian Tripod for Peace: International Organizations and Militarized Disputes, 1950–85,” International Organization 52, no. 03 (1998): 441–67, doi:10.1162/002081898550626.

85^ Edward D. Mansfield and Jon C. Pevehouse, “Institutions, Interdependence, and International Conflict,” in Globalization and Armed Conflict, Gerald Schneider, Katherine Barbieri and Nils Pettwe Gleditsch ed. (Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003), 233–50.

86^ Hafner-Burton and Montgomery, “War, Trade, and Distrust,” 258.

87^ Katherine Barbieri, “Economic Interdependence: A Path to Peace or a Source of Interstate Conflict?,” Journal of Peace Research 33, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 29–49, doi:10.1177/0022343396033001003; Katherine Barbieri, The Liberal Illusion: Does Trade Promote Peace? (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005).

88^ Hafner-Burton and Montgomery, “War, Trade, and Distrust,” 263.

89^ Collier and Hoeffler, “Greed and Grievance in Civil War.”

90^ Patrick M. Regan and Daniel Norton, “Greed, Grievance, and Mobilization in Civil Wars,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 319–36, doi:10.1177/0022002704273441.

91^ Ibid., 322.

92^ Jeremy M. Weinstein, Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence, 1 edition (Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 7–10.

93^ John A. Vasquez, The War Puzzle (Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 140.

94^ Tir, “Territorial Diversion.”

95^ Wolff,