Marketing communication: principles and practice


I N T E R C U L T U R A L C O M M U N I C A T I O N



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73 Marketing communication principles and practice Richard J Varey

I N T E R C U L T U R A L C O M M U N I C A T I O N
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Interaction
Temporality
Association
Learning
Subsistence
Play
Bisexuality
Defence
Territoriality
Exploitation
Figure 6.1
Hall’s primary message systems


cause a change in resource use (informal) which may require a change of
technology (technical). But what if the technology is not changed? Over a
period of time, a change in the concept of comfort may arise. 
The marketing management task is to identify which informal adaptations
are most successful in daily operations and to bring these to the technical
level of awareness. This requires a change agent – perhaps a salesperson or
members of a reference group (see Box 6.1).
CROSS-CULTURAL CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR
Consumers buy meanings and marketers (consumers and providers)
communicate meanings through various forms of communication media,
including products and advertisements. These meanings are co-produced
in social groups.
Culture provides a set of rules for how people will interact in exchange
relationships – what constraints and ways in behaviour and decisions are
acceptable. 
Consumption decisions are largely determined by the culture of the
marketing environment. Consequently, marketing management objectives
and strategies are affected by cultural values and norms. 
At least four cross-cultural factors should influence marketing strategies
(Figure 6.2).
There is cross-cultural variation that cannot be ignored, even though in
general terms consumer behaviour has strong universal elements. In fact,
even the models, theories, and so on, of marketing vary between cultures.
However, let us simply identify several points at which the cultural influence
of consumer behaviour impacts on marketing management considerations.
Dominant values may determine which needs are to be attended to as
priorities and in what manner their satisfaction may be sought. Consumers
may not be autonomous in making purchase and consumption decisions.
Consumers may not be free to act individualistically. Institutionalized cultural
conventions structure daily life and determine consumption behaviour. We
have examined eating in chapter three, for example. Loyalty to brands and
providers is not a universal given. Not all consumers enjoy stability or change.
The involvement of consumers in product purchase or consumption differs

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