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CASE STUDY 3
THE MEANINGS OF DINNER
Patterns of habit, preference, and behaviour may be thought of as a lifestyle, chosen and
pursued. This may bear a characteristic consumption style that may identify the person with
a particular social group or consumption community. Consider the now largely passed era
of ceremonial dining, and compare it with today’s social gathering at the barbecue.
The structured meal patterns that emerged in Victorian Britain ceased to be concerned
only with mere nourishment. Dining became centred on the mechanics of social interaction,
social rank, and the need for conspicuous display. Both content and timing became crucially
significant. The hour at which a meal was served might show the rank or aspirations of the
host. The form, including garnishes, table decoration, and rules for serving guests, also
communicated much. At the heart was an obsession with correctness that helped to define
the Victoria era.
A complex formal etiquette governed the use of space, time, objects, cuisine, and labour
to define those who dined in their appropriate social circles. Dining
à la Russe
overtly divided
those who knew how to dine from the others. Also important for maintaining social distance
was that servants mediated between hosts and guests. Since almost all activity was delegated
to the servants, interaction between diners was considerably reduced, and was regulated
by formal rules.
In the early years of the twentieth century, the imperial train of the Russian Tsar and his
family had one car devoted entirely to dining. The car was equipped with a kitchen, a dining
room with a table for 20 people, and an ante-room in which zakouski (an assortment of
hors
d’œuvres
served with chilled vodka) was served before every meal. The Russian custom of
self-service from a table was strictly observed. At dinner, Nicolas always sat at the middle
of the long table with his daughters sat beside him, while the court functionaries sat opposite.
The Empress ate alone on the train. At Tsarskoe Selo, near St Petersburg, dinner at midday
was the ceremonial meal. The meal began, according to Russian custom, with a priest’s
blessing. Teas were always the same, year after year. Small, white-draped tables were set
with the same glasses in silver holders, the same plates of hot bread, the same English
biscuits. There was a rigid routine for tea. Every day, at the same time, the Emperor would
enter the room and sit at the tea table. He would butter a piece of bread and sip his tea –
always two glasses of tea – and read his telegrams and newspapers.
Why do we eat as we do? Dining has long been an almost universal medium of
relationships – the means of creating community. Consider the many meanings of the ritual
of a formal dinner, a family dinner, or a summer Saturday barbecue. In the emerging
browsing or snack culture of the present, what has become of the social ritual that was dining?
(Sources: Massie, 1969; Visser, 1991; Wilson, 1994)
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