Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services

part of the transportation service provided before the 
border of the exporting country; 
(b) Transport services between residents and non-
residents relating to cross-trade and cabotage. 
3.76. This transaction-based information is requested 
by different users to complement the information of 
BPM5. Enterprises generally have this information in 
their accounts, and for this reason it is considered to be 
more robust than the information on a f.o.b. basis, which 
is often an estimated value (and which remains 
necessary as a BPM5 and 1993 SNA standard). The 
transaction-based information is already used by some 
balance of payments compilers as a basis for making the 
estimates on an f.o.b. basis for merchandise 
transportation (together with complementary 
information necessary for making these estimates). 
These items are considered to be analytically useful, and 
although not recommended in BPM5, they should be 
compiled if they are available as part of the process of 
compiling the data on 
freight transportation
. 
2. Travel 
3.77. The 
travel 
47
component of EBOPS differs from 
most other internationally traded services in that it is the 
consumer of these services that gives 
travel
its 
distinctive characterization. The consumer (or 
traveller
48
) moves to another economy to obtain goods 
and services. Thus, unlike most other services in 
EBOPS, 
travel
is not a specific product; rather it is a 
range of goods and services consumed by travellers. It is 
for this reason that 
travel
is not identified with any 
corresponding categories of CPC, Version 1.0. 
3.78. 
Travel
covers primarily the goods and services 
acquired from an economy by travellers during visits of 
less than one year to that economy. The goods and 
47
The term
 travel
, as used in the present 
Manual
, is 
synonymous with the term 
travel
used in BPM5 and 
consistent with the term 
tourism
used in the 1993 SNA. It is 
also related to the term 
tourism
used in the 
Tourism Satellite 
Account: Recommended Methodological Framework
, jointly 
published by the World Tourism Organization, Eurostat, 
OECD and the United Nations (see para. 2.39 above). The 
differences between the present 
Manual
and BPM5, on the 
one hand, and TSA on the other hand, relate to expenditure by 
students and medical patients if they stay in the host economy 
for one year or more and expenditure by certain types of 
employees (see annex VII).
48
The 
term 
traveller
used here differs from the TSA definition 
of 
visitor
primarily in the areas of students residing in other 
countries for education purposes, patients receiving long-term 
health care abroad and some aspects of employment abroad.

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39 
services are purchased by, or on behalf of, the traveller 
or provided, without a quid pro quo (that is, are provided 
as a gift), for the traveller to use or give away. Excluded 
are transportation of travellers within the economies that 
they are visiting, where such transportation is provided 
by carriers not resident in the particular economy being 
visited, as well as the 
international 
carriage of travellers, 
both of which are covered in 
passenger services
under 
transportation
. Also excluded are goods purchased by a 
traveller for resale in the traveller’s own economy or in 
any other economy.
3.79. A traveller is an individual staying for less than 
one year in an economy of which he or she is not a 
resident for any purpose other than (a) being stationed 
on a military base or being an employee (including 
diplomats and other embassy and consulate personnel) 
of an agency of his or her government, (b) being an 
accompanying dependent of an individual mentioned 
under (a), or (c) undertaking a productive activity 
directly for an entity that is a resident of that economy. 
Expenditures made by individuals covered in (a) and (b) 
are recorded under 
government services, n.i.e.
Expenditures made by individuals (including seasonal 
and border workers) covered in (c) in the economy of 
the employing enterprise are included under 
travel
. The 
one-year guideline does not apply to students or to 
patients receiving health care abroad, who remain 
residents of their economies of origin even if the length 
of stay in another economy is one year or more. 
3.80. Although BPM5 recommends a breakdown of 
travel
into 
business 
and 
personal 
travel in its standard 
components, the present 
Manual
recommends a further 
breakdown of each of these components of travel.
3.81.