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(b) Balance of payments statistics by modes of supply
2.79. Balance of payments service transactions broadly
correspond to mode 1, mode 2, and part of mode 4. Yet a
given balance of payments service category generally
includes transactions corresponding to several modes.
Moreover, several modes of supply may be used for a
single service transaction. With a view to facilitating the
analysis and compilation of service transactions between
residents and non-residents by modes of supply, the
Manual
suggests the use of two simplification rules.
2.80. First, separate identification of modes deemed to
be relatively marginal in a given service category is not
recommended. Thus, if the major part of a given service
category corresponds to services supplied under one
mode, this mode could be fully allocated to that service
category. For example, telecommunications services
would be allocated to cross-border supply (mode 1)
because most transactions between residents and non-
on these statistical criteria. These limitations are discussed
further in the present chapter as well as in chapters III and IV
below.
21
residents are cross border. According to this
methodology, a given service category in the balance of
payments accounts would normally correspond to only
one or two modes of supply.
2.81. Second, there are cases where specific balance of
payments service transactions involve several modes of
supply, such as when an architect designs a construction
project, delivers it through a telecommunications link
and has to make some visits to the country of the
consumer at the implementation phase. In those cases, it
is recommended that, if estimates cannot be provided for
the subdivision of the transaction value by modes, the
transaction be allocated to the most important mode in
terms of time and resources associated with it.
Balance of payments services components
corresponding to Mode 1
2.82. Mode 1 applies when a service is delivered from
a supplier abroad to a consumer in his or her territory of
residence. This is the case for most balance of payments
transactions recorded under transportation,
communication services, insurance services, financial
services, and royalties and license fees. Non-mode 1
transactions in these components mainly take place in
two instances:
(a) Transactions fully occurring through presence
of natural persons (mode 4), which are presumed to be
marginal in these components;
(b) Transactions that involve both modes 1 and 4
(such as an insurance agent travelling to discuss the
terms of a contract, whereas most of the insurance
service would be produced in the country where the
insurance company is located). In those cases, it might
appear reasonable to allocate the transaction to mode 1.
Thus, applying the simplified approach, the BPM5
components indicated above would be allocated to mode 1.
Balance of payments services components
corresponding to both mode 1 and mode 4
2.83. Mode 1 also applies to part of transactions in
computer and information services, other business
services, and personal, cultural, and recreational
services. However, these components also comprise
transactions corresponding to mode 4 situations, where
the supplier travels to the territory of the consumer. For
these components, further analysis and empirical
information are needed to determine how they can be
separately identified or estimated. In particular, the
knowledge of the location of the supplier at the time
when major transactions are delivered would be critical
for a proper assessment of the share of modes 1 and 4 in
these balance of payments components.
Balance of payments components and mode 2
2.84. The travel category broadly corresponds to mode
2 or
consumption abroad
, although it does not categorize
all the types of services supplied to travellers. Further
refinements would be needed for a better measurement
of mode 2. In particular, an adjustment would be needed
to exclude any goods purchased by travellers. A
memorandum item is provided in EBOPS for this
purpose.
2.85. Repairs and supporting and auxiliary services to
carriers in foreign ports are also covered by mode 2.
Although
repairs
are included in
goods
in BPM5,
supporting and auxiliary services
are included in
transportation
.
An exception: balance of payments, mode 3
transactions in construction services
2.86. The preceding paragraphs have set out how
balance of payments transactions may be allocated to
modes 1, 2, and 4. Commercial presence (mode 3)
concerns mostly domestic sales of foreign affiliates (i.e.,
transactions between residents), as described in FATS
statistics.
2.87. There are cases, however, where a commercial
presence is not considered as being resident in its host
country, such as an unincorporated site office carrying
out a short-term construction project. The services
provided in the host country by this type of commercial
presence are transactions between residents and non-
residents, and they are recorded in the balance of
payments accounts under
construction services
and not
in FATS statistics. These services are to be considered
as supplied through mode 3 because under GATS, a
commercial presence
may be any type of establishment
owned or controlled by foreign entities, even those
created for a short period.
2.88. In turn, the balance of payments component
construction services
also includes transactions resulting
from mode 4 - presence of natural persons. Whether or
not these mode 4 transactions are minor relative to the
mode 3 transactions in this category will depend on the
characteristics of the compiling country.
22
Balance of payments components and mode 4
2.89. Preceding paragraphs have shown that some
transactions in BPM5 service components correspond to
mode 4. In addition, supplementary information on other
mode 4 activities may be provided by the
compensation
of employees
component of
income
in BPM5.
2.90.
Compensation of employees
covers income in the
form of wages, salaries and other compensation
received by non-resident individuals who are employed
in resident enterprises that are producing goods and/or
services, including manufacturing and agriculture, as
well as industries primarily producing services. To
provide relevant supplementary information on mode
4, identification of the part of compensation of
employees arising from production of services is
encouraged.
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