Maktabgacha va boshlang‘ich ta'lim Fakulteti,,ingliz tili ’’ fanidan mustaqil ish mavzu: ways of problem solving bajardi: olimova maftuna theme: ways of problem solving

Cognitive sciences[edit]

The early experimental work of the Gestaltists in Germany placed the beginning of problem solving study (e.g., Karl Duncker in 1935 with his book The psychology of productive thinking^[15]). Later this experimental work continued through the 1960s and early 1970s with research conducted on relatively simple (but novel for participants) laboratory tasks of problem solving.^[16][17] The use of simple, novel tasks was due to the clearly defined optimal solutions and short time for solving, which made it possible for the researchers to trace participants' steps in problem-solving process. Researchers' underlying assumption was that simple tasks such as the Tower of Hanoi correspond to the main properties of "real world" problems and thus the characteristic cognitive processes within participants' attempts to solve simple problems are the same for "real world" problems too; simple problems were used for reasons of convenience and with the expectation that thought generalizations to more complex problems would become possible. Perhaps the best-known and most impressive example of this line of research is the work by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon.^{[18][improper synthesis?]} Other experts have shown that the principle of decomposition improves the ability of the problem solver to make good judgment.^[19]