М. М. Кутепова The World of Chemistry Мир

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• Indicate whether the answer to each of the questions is
• 4. Choose the correct word in each of the following pairs enclosed in brackets
• Revise grammar and lexical material to Units 1 and 2 and render the following in English. Entitle the text.
• 6. Read the following text, entitle it and change its sentences from the active into the passive voice where possible. Give titles to the paragraphs of the text in the form of questions.

No. Field of Chemistry
The Subject Matter
1. Organic chemistry		a) radioactive elements.
2. Inorganic chemistry	deals with	b) chemical properties and reactions involving ions in solutions.
3. Analytical chemistry	covers	c) compounds of carbon.
4. Physical chemistry	considers treats of	d) methods of separating pure substances from mixtures.
5. Biochemistry	concerns itself with	e) elements other than carbon.
6. Radiochemistry	is concerned with	0 effects of chemical structure on physical properties of matter.
7. Electrochemistry		g) substances contained in living organisms.
8. Magnetochemistry		h) spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules.
9. Stereochemistry		i) complex substances produced by living cells.
10. Enzimology		j) the magnetic properties of compounds.

3. 
   Indicate whether the answer to each of the questions is Yes or No:
   

1. 
   Is matter only living animals and plants?
   
2. 
   Is structure the arrangement of the various parts of which something is made up?
   
3. 
   Is scientific method a way of doing a scientific work?
   
4. 
   Is substance a material type of matter?
   
5. 
   Is ratio a quality or power, or effect that belongs naturally to something?
   
6. 
   Is chemistry all space and matter around us?
   
7. 
   Is trial a method of testing something? ^{4 5}
   

4. Choose the correct word in each of the following pairs enclosed in brackets:

1. 
   Chemistry (includes/inclines) the study of elements and their compounds.
   
2. 
   Wfe can (defile/defme) “universe” as all space and the matter around us.
   
3. 
   The mechanical {properties/proprieties) of polymeric materials are very complex.
   
4. 
   M. V. Lomonosov discovered the (law/low) of the conservation of matter.
   

5. Organic chemistry is a (breach/branch) of chemistry dealing with carbon and its compounds.

6. 
   This vibrational resonance can (create/credit) new protons.
   
7. 
   Chemists are trying to (impute/improve) the properties of plastics.
   
8. 
   The experiments of ancient scholars contributed to the (development/'devolution) of chemistry.
   

5. 
   Revise grammar and lexical material to Units 1 and 2 and render the following in English. Entitle the text.
   

Первую современную атомистическую теорию создал Джон Дальтон. Он предположил, что каждый химический элемент состоит из атомов, одинаковых по размерам и массе. Эти частицы предполагались неделимыми и неизменными в ходе химической реакции. Дальтон приписал (assigned) атомам таких элементов, как водород, кислород, азот и сера, определенные относительные веса (точнее, массы), а также дал каждому элементу определенный символ.
Однако в конце XIX века был сделан ряд открытий, которые показали, что атом вовсе не является неделимой частицей. Первое из этих открытий основывалось на изучении лучей (rays), испускаемых (emitted) отрицательно заряженным (charged) электродом (electrode). Существование этих катодных лучей было продемонстрировано в 70-х годах XIX века в целом ряде экспериментов, которые выполнили Крукс и Гольдштейн (Crookes and Goldstain). В 1895 г. Вильгельм Рентген (Wilhelm Roentgen) открыл Х-лучи, которые в дальнейшем были названы рентгеновскими лучами. В следующем году Антуан Анри Беккерель (Antoine HenrPBecquerel) показал, что соль урана самопроизвольно (spontaneously) испускает невидимое излучение (radiation), подобное рентгеновским лучам, и явление было названо радиоактивностью. За свои исследования Рентген и Беккерель были удостоены Нобелевской премии. ⁶


6. Read the following text, entitle it and change its sentences from the active into the passive voice where possible. Give titles to the paragraphs of the text in the form of questions.
People have practiced empirical chemistry from the earliest times. Ancient civilizations were practicing the art of chemistry in such processes as wine-making, glass-making, pottery-making, elementary metallurgy and so on. The early Egyptians, for example, had consider-


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able knowledge of certain chemical processes. Excavations into ancient tombs dated about 3000 B.C. have uncovered workings of gold, silver, copper and iron, pottery from clay, glass beads, and beautiful dyes and paints as well as bodies of Egyptian kings in remarkably well-preserved states. Many other cultures made significant developments in chemistry. However, all these developments were empirical, that is, they were achieved by trial and error and did not rest on any valid theory of matter.
Philosophical ideas relating to the properties of matter (chemistry) did not develop as early as those relating to astronomy and mathematics. The Greek philosophers made great strides in philosophical speculation concerning materialistic ideas about chemistry. They led the way to placing chemistry on an intellectual, scientific basis. They introduced the concepts of elements, atoms, shapes of atoms, and chemical combination. They believed that all matter was derived from four elements: earth, air, fire, and water. The Greek philosophers had keen minds and perhaps came very close to the establishing chemistry on a sound basis similar to one that was to develop about 2000 years later. The main shortcoming of the Greek approach to scientific work was a failure to carry out systematic experimentation.
Greek civilization was succeeded by Roman civilization. The Romans were outstanding in military, political and economic affairs. They practiced empirical chemical arts such as metallurgy, enameling, glass-making, and pottery-making, but they did very little to advance new and theoretical knowledge. Eventually the Roman civilization was succeeded in Europe by the Dark Ages. During this period European civilization and learning were at a very low ebb.
In the Middle East and in North Africa, knowledge did not decline during the Dark Ages as it did in Western Europe. At this time Arabic cultures made contributions that were of great value to the development of modern chemistry. In particular, the Arabic number system, including the use of zero, gained acceptance; the branch of mathematics known as algebra was developed; and alchemy, a sort of pseudochemistry, was practiced extensively.

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