E T H I C A L R E F L E C T I O N S O N T H E SPE
Was the SPE study unethical? In several ways, the answer must surely be "Yes."
However, there are other ways of viewing this research that provide a reasonable
"No." Before we look at evidence in this retrospective analysis in support of each
of these alternatives, I need to make clear why I am even discussing these matters
decades after the study is over and done. Having focused much personal attention
on these ethical issues, I believe that I can bring a broader perspective to this dis-
cussion than is typical. Other researchers may benefit by avoiding similar pitfalls
if they become aware of some subtle warning signs, and also by engaging greater
sensitivity to ethical safeguards that the SPE highlighted. Without being defen-
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The Lucifer Effect
sive or rationalizing my role in this study, I will use this research as a vehicle for
outlining the complexity of ethical judgments involved in research that entails in-
terventions in human functioning. First, let us consider the category of the ethics
of intervention. That will provide a foundation for comparing absolute ethics to
the relative ethics that guide experimental research.
The Ethics of Intervention
Every act of intervention in the life of an individual, a group, or an environment
is a matter of ethics (the radical therapist R. D. Laing would say it is a "political de-
cision"). The following diverse groups share common objectives: therapists, sur-
geons, counselors, experimentalists, educators, urban planners, architects, social
reformers, public health agents, cult leaders, used-car salespeople, and our par-
ents. They all subscribe to one of these objectives: cure, behavior modification,
recommendations for action, training, teaching, mind alteration, control, change,
monetary allocation, construction, or discipline—in sum, various forms of inter-
vention that directly affect our lives or do so indirectly by changing h u m a n envi-
ronments.
Most agents of intervention initially intend benefits to the target of change
and/or society. However, it is their subjective values that determine the cost-
benefit ratio and raise critical ethical questions for us to consider. We take for
granted the value of the powerful socializing influences parents exert on their
children in shaping them to their image and toward a socially, politically, and re-
ligiously imposed ideal. Should we care that parents do so without obtaining their
children's informed consent? Seems like an idle question until one considers par-
ents who help indoctrinate their children into hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan,
destructive cults, or terrorist cells, or into prostitution.
To put a finer point on the issue, "parental rights of domain" are usually not
questioned—even when they teach children intolerance and prejudice—except
when parents are excessively abusive in getting their way. But what can we say
about the case of a father who wanted his son to be more patriotic, ostensibly a
reasonable goal in almost all societies? The father in question wrote to a medical
doctor whose advice column ran in a nationally circulated magazine: "I love my
country and want my boy to love it too. Is it O.K. for me to give him a little pep talk
while he's asleep; no big deal, just some patriotic stuff?"
At one level, Dad is asking if this tactic will work; is there evidence that sleep
learning can be effective in delivering such below-consciousness persuasive mes-
sages? (The answer is that there is no supporting evidence.) At another level, Dad
is raising an ethical question: Is it ethical for him to indoctrinate his defenseless
child in this way? Would it be ethical if he did so when the child was awake or if
he used monetary reinforcement or social approval instead of this dubious tech-
nique? Is it his goal or his means that some might find ethically offensive? Would
it be preferable instead for this anxious father to rely upon the more subtle indoc-
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