The Lucifer Effect
in the population. In the end. broadcasting the color-coded threat levels was less
a valid warning system than the government's costly way of ensuring and sus-
taining the nation's fear of terrorists—in the absence of any terror attacks.
French existentialist author Albert Camus has pointed out that fear is a
method; terror makes fear, and fear stops people from thinking rationally. It
makes people think in abstractions about the enemy, the terrorists, the insurgents
who threaten us, who thus must be destroyed. Once we begin thinking of people
as a class of entities, as abstractions, then they meld into "faces of the enemy,"
and primitive impulses to kill and torture them surface even among ordinarily
peaceful people.
7 3
I am on record with my criticism of these "phantom alarms" as dysfunc-
tional and dangerous, but there is evidence that increases in Bush's poll ratings
were closely correlated with the sounding of these w a r n i n g s .
7 4
The issue here is
that by arousing and sustaining fear of an enemy at our gates, the Bush adminis-
tration was able to position the president as the Almighty Commander in Chief of
a nation at war.
By calling himself "commander in chief" and vastly expanding the powers
granted him by Congress, President Bush and his advisers came to believe that
they were above national and international law and that therefore any of their
policies were legal simply by asserting them in a newly recast official legal inter-
pretation. The seeds for the flowers of evil that blossomed in that dark dungeon of
Abu Ghraib were planted by the Bush administration in its triangular framing of
national security threats, citizen fear and vulnerability, and interrogation/torture
to win the war on terror.
Vice President Dick Cheney as "The Vice President of Torture"
A Washington Post editorial called Dick Cheney "The Vice President of Torture"
because of his efforts to defeat and finally to modify the McCain amendment to
the Department of Defense's budget authorization b i l l .
7 5
That amendment
demanded the humane treatment of prisoners in American military custody.
Cheney had lobbied hard to get an exception to the law granted for the CIA in
order to enable it to use whatever means it deemed necessary to extract informa-
tion from its suspects. Cheney argued that such a bill would tie the hands of CIA
operatives and expose them to potential prosecution for their efforts in the global
war on terror. (And we have gotten a glimpse of how extremely brutal and lethal
their efforts can be.)
The legislation proposed by Senator John McCain, a former prisoner of war
in Vietnam who himself experienced the horrors of torture, bans the use of tor-
ture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment by any government agency. It
also requires all military interrogations to conform to the Army's Field Manual on
Intelligence Interrogation (FM 3 4 - 5 2 ) . Not only was the bill passed 90 to 9 in the
Senate, it was endorsed strongly in a personal letter to McCain by more than a
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