Resisting Situational Influences and Celebrating Heroism
473
enjoyed. Nevertheless, their opposition to injustice meets our definitional cri-
teria.
At the height of the McCarthy era, the University of California initiated a
"loyalty oath" that all faculty members were required to sign. A psychology pro-
fessor, Edward Tolman, refused to sign the oath and led a small group of profes-
sors who opposed the policy. On July 1 8 , 1 9 5 0 , Tolman submitted a letter of
protest to the president of the University of California, Robert Sproul. In August
of that year, the Regents of the University of California fired thirty-one professors,
including Tolman, for their refusal to sign the loyalty oath. Later that month, the
professors filed suit for reinstatement under Tolman vs. Underhill. In 1 9 5 2 , the
State Supreme Court found in favor of these nonsigners. During the loyalty oath
dispute, Tolman encouraged other young faculty members to sign the oath and
leave the fight against it to him and others who could (financially) afford to con-
tinue the struggle. Tolman, a soft-spoken academician with no prior history of po-
litical involvement, became deeply respected for his courageous stance by many
professors and staff in the University of California system.
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Other heroes of the McCarthy era included investigative journalists such as
George Seldes and I. F. Stone and the cartoonists Herb Block and Daniel Fitz-
patrick. During this period, I. F. Stone's name was listed on a Senate Internal Se-
curity Subcommittee list of eighty-two "most active and typical sponsors of
Communist-front organizations." As a consequence of being blacklisted, Stone
was forced to sue in order to get his press c a r d .
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Moving from the imaginary Communist menace that faced the United States
to the palpable daily menace and cruelty of national domination by a Communist
regime, we meet Vaclav Havel. Havel is extraordinary in the sense that the Dalai
Lama is, and is ordinary in the sense that a former stagehand and writer is. How-
ever, he was the architect of the "Velvet Revolution" that toppled the Czech Com-
munist regime in 1 9 8 9 . Before finally convincing the government that its
totalitarian brand of communism was destructive of all that Czechoslovakia
stood for, Havel was imprisoned repeatedly for nearly five years. He was a leading
figure in drafting the Charter 77 manifesto and organizing the Czechoslovak
human rights movement of intellectuals, students, and workers. As a passionate
supporter of nonviolent resistance, Havel is famous for having articulated the
concept of "post-totalitarianism," which challenged his countrymen to believe
they had the power to change a repressive regime that they inadvertently upheld
by passively submitting to its authority. In letters he wrote from prison to his wife
and in speeches, Havel made it evident that the first step in overthrowing an un-
acceptable social and political order is for citizens to realize that they are comfort-
ably living within a lie. This unpretentious, shy man was made president by the
Federal Assembly, and when the Communist government finally yielded to the
power of the people, Vaclav Havel was democratically elected the first president of
the new Czech Republic. He continues now. as a famous private citizen, to oppose
political injustice and to support efforts for global p e a c e .
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