Resisting Situational Influences and Celebrating Heroism
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T H E P A R A D O X E S O F H E R O I S M
A young woman challenges an authority older than she, forcing him to recognize
his complicity in reprehensible deeds that are being perpetrated on his watch. Her
confrontation goes further and helps to terminate the abuse of innocent prisoners
by their guards. Does her action qualify as "heroic," given that scores of others
who had witnessed the prisoners' distress all failed to act against the system when
they realized its excesses?
We would like to celebrate heroism and heroes as special acts by special peo-
ple. However, most people who are held up to this higher plane insist that what
they did was not special, was really what everyone should have done in the situa-
tion. They refuse to consider themselves "heroes." Maybe such a reaction comes
from the ingrained notion we all have—that heroes are supermen and -women, a
cut or more above the common breed. Perhaps more than their modesty is at
work. Perhaps, rather, it is our general misconception of what it takes to be heroic.
Let's now look at the best in human nature and the transformation of the or-
dinary into the heroic. We will examine alternative conceptions and definitions of
heroism and propose a way to classify different kinds of heroic action; then elabo-
rate on some examples that fall into these categories; and finally design a table of
contrasts between the banalities of evil and of heroism. But first, let's go back to
the person and the act that started this section and ended the Stanford Prison Ex-
periment.
Recall (from chapter 8) that Christina Maslach was a recently graduated
Ph.D. from the Stanford Psychology Department with whom I had become ro-
mantically involved. When she saw a chain gang of prisoners being carted to the
toilet with bags over their heads as guards shouted orders at them and she wit-
nessed my apparent indifference to their suffering, she exploded.
Her later account of what she felt at the time, and how she interpreted her
actions, tells us a good deal about the complex phenomenon of heroism.
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What he [Zimbardo] got was an incredibly emotional out-burst from me (I
am usually a rather contained person). I was angry and frightened and in
tears. I said something like, "What you are doing to those boys is a terrible
thing!"
So what is the important story to emerge from my role as "the Termi-
nator" of the Stanford Prison Experiment? I think there are several themes
I would like to highlight. First, however, let me say what the story is not.
Contrary to the standard (and trite) American myth, the Stanford Prison
Experiment is not a story about the lone individual who defies the majority.
Rather, it is a story about the majority—about how everyone who had
some contact with the prison study (participants, researchers, observers,
consultants, family, and friends) got so completely sucked into it. The
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