The SPE: Ethics and Extensions
2 5 3
ing effective interrogation techniques to use against captured "enemy combat-
ants" and other assumed enemies of America. According to several accounts,
these techniques have migrated from the military SERE programs to Guantâ-
namo Bay Prison, known as "Gitmo."
An American law professor, M. Gregg Bloche, and Jonathan H. Marks, a
British barrister and bioethics fellow, have condemned the use of these interroga-
tion procedures, which have been developed in part by behavioral scientists and
physicians. They argue that "by bringing SERE tactics and the Guantanamo
model onto the battlefield, the Pentagon opened a Pandora's box of potential
abuse . . . the SERE model's embrace by the Pentagon's civilian leaders is further
evidence that abuse tantamount to torture was national policy, not merely the
product of rogue freelancers."
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The investigative reporter Jane Mayer in a New
Yorker essay, "The Experiment," has expressed similar c o n c e r n s .
4 0
I will visit the
issue of the misuse of the SPE by the Pentagon in chapter 1 5 .
The tactics developed by SERE programs were part of the protocol for defen-
sive training of military personnel in case of enemy capture; however, after the
terrorist attacks of September 1 1 , 2 0 0 1 , they were retrofit to be part of the arse-
nal of offensive tactics to elicit information from military personnel or civilians
considered as enemies. Their objective was to make those being interrogated feel
vulnerable, be pliable, and become cooperative in revealing desired information.
Their techniques were developed with the help of behavioral scientist consultants
and refined based on trial-and-error field practice in SERE drills at Fort Bragg,
North Carolina, and other military training installations. In general, these tactics
minimized the use of physical torture, substituting mental, "soft torture" instead.
Five of the main tactics in the SERE program to render detainees or others being
interrogated as amenable to yielding information and confessions are:
• Sexual humiliation and degradation
• Humiliation based on religious and cultural practices
• Sleep deprivation
• Sensory deprivation and sensory overload
• Physical torment to achieve the psychological advantages of fear and
anxiety, such as "water-boarding," or hypothermia (exposure to freezing
temperatures)
We see these tactics specifically proposed in memos of both Secretary Rums-
feld for use at Guantanamo and of General Sanchez at Abu Ghraib, and put into
operation at those prisons and elsewhere. There is also documented evidence that
a team of interrogators and other military personnel from Guantanamo visited
the SERE training program at Fort Bragg in August 2 0 0 2 . Given the classified na-
ture of this information, these statements are of course only reasonable infer-
ences based on reports from various knowledgeable sources.
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