T h e SPE: Ethics and Extensions
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come measures of any study conducted with a prior sense of its "questionable
ethics." Also absent from most considerations of research ethics is the obligation
incumbent on researchers to engage in a special kind of social activism that
makes their research useful to their field of knowledge and to the improvement of
their society.
I would like to balance the SPE's ethics slate a bit by first noting some remark-
able profits it had to both its participants and staff. Then I will outline some of the
social activism that I have engaged in over the past three or more decades to en-
sure that the value of this experiment has been realized as fully as possible.
Unexpected Personal Gains to SPE Participants and Staff
A number of unexpectedly positive effects emerged from this study that have had
lasting impact on some of the participants and staff. In general, most of the par-
ticipants indicated on their final follow-up evaluations (submitted from home at
varying times after the study) that it was a valuable personal learning experience.
These positives help balance, to some extent, the obvious negatives of the prison
experience, as we note that none of the participants would volunteer for a similar
study again. Let's examine some of the positive aftershocks of the SPE, taken from
their evaluations.
Doug, Prisoner 8612, a ringleader of the prisoner rebellion, was the first prisoner
to suffer an extreme emotional stress reaction. His response forced us to release
him after only thirty-six hours. The experience was truly disturbing for him, as he
said in an interview during the filming of our documentary, Quiet Rage: The Stan-
ford Prison Experiment: "As an experience it was unique, I've never screamed so
loud in my life; I've never been so upset in my life. It was an experience of being
out of control, both of the situation and of my feelings. Maybe I've always had dif-
ficulties with losing control. I wanted to understand myself, so I went into psy-
chology [after the SPE]. I'll go into psychology and I'll learn what makes a person
tick so I won't be so afraid of the u n k n o w n . "
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In a follow-up evaluation that he completed five years after the study, Doug
revealed that he started to simulate extreme distress in order to be released, but
then that role got to him. "I figured the only way I could get out of the experiment
was to play sick, first physical. Then when that didn't work I played at mental fa-
tigue. However, the energy it took to get into that space, and the mere fact that I
could be so upset, upset me." How upset? He reported that his girlfriend told him
that he was so upset and nervous that he talked about the experiment constantly
for two months afterward.
Doug went on to get a Ph.D. in clinical psychology, in part to learn how to
gain greater control over his emotions and behavior. He did his dissertation on
shame (of the prisoner status) and guilt (of the guard status), completing his in-
ternship at San Quentin State Prison, rather than in the usual medical/clinical
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