RADIO COVERAGE AND LINK BUDGET
36
Noise Figure (NF), thermal noise power and cell edge SINR. Sensitivity in turn affects
path loss and cell radius can eventually be calculated using Okumura-Hata model.
6.4.
Theoretical cell coverage calculations
Link budgets give a clear picture of the maximum allowable path losses that occur for
the particular radio access technology. Appendix A shows the link budget for the LTE
800/1800. The cell radius for LTE 800 according to the link budget is around 28.9 km
while that for LTE 1800 is around 12.3 km. The difference in the coverage radius from
the link budget and the result shown in Figure 6.1 for 10 MHz bandwidth operating at
800 MHz band is due to the cell edge SINR calculation assumption. In the figure, the
calculation is based on the cell edge throughput limitation while on link budget in Ap-
pendix A, the assumption is different. Link modulation of QPSK with coding rate of 0.1
has been taken into account in the link budget. This gives the useful bits per symbol
with that particular modulation and coding rate. With this strategy, spectral efficiency
for 10 MHz bandwidth is 0.168 bps/Hz and thus the cell edge SINR to be -9 dB using
the Shannon’s formula stated in Equation 6.9. The difference in SINR with two differ-
ent assumptions is 2.3 dB and the resulting difference in cell radius calculation is 2.8
km. Similar difference exists in 1800 MHz band as well.
The coverage area for UMTS 900 as calculated from the link budget in Appendix B is
18.9 km. Obvious diminishing factor apart from the network parameters that differenti-
ates two different coverage radiuses is the operating frequency band itself. With rest of
the operating parameters maintained equal between the two bands and the allowable
path loss in the downlink path is almost equal. A higher frequency signal fades out at
much earlier distance from the cell center as the coverage distance of the signal is in-
versely proportional to the operating frequency.
This fact can also be drawn from free space propagation model which calculates the
received signal power as
𝑃
𝑟
=
𝑃
𝑠
𝐺
𝑠
𝐺
𝑟
𝜆
2
(4𝜋)
2
𝑑
2
𝐿
(6.10)
Where
P
r
= received signal power
P
t
= Transmitted power
G
t
= Transmitter antenna gain
G
r
= Receiver antenna gain
d = distance
L = System loss factor
λ = Wavelength of the transmitted signal
Thus, a signal with higher frequency has a low wavelength and thus gives a low re-
ceived power P
r
at the same distance d compared to lower frequency. A two ray ground
reflection model considers both direct path and ground reflected path of the signal to the
receiver. However, the ground reflection model does not give a better performance in
RADIO COVERAGE AND LINK BUDGET
37
short range due to the oscillation caused by constructive and destructive interference of
two rays. Before the cross over distance, the received signal power is defined by Equa-
tion 6.10. A cross-over distance d
c
is given as
𝑑
𝑠
=
4𝜋ℎ
𝑠
ℎ
𝑟
𝜆
(6.11)
Beyond cross-over distance d
c
, two-ray model overtakes and the received signal is given
as
𝑃
𝑟
=
𝑃
𝑠
𝐺
𝑠
𝐺
𝑟
ℎ
𝑠
2
ℎ
𝑟
2
𝑑
4
𝐿
(6.12)
The combination of free space and two ray ground reflection model provide a better
modeling of the radio signal in free space rather than free space model alone. This com-
bination still is not sufficient to describe the radio environment but suffice the fact that
coverage radius or distance is inversely proportional to carrier frequency.
MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS
38
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