Лошади Терского завода арабские лошади

Оглавление

1. 
   Введение
   

2. Лошади Терского завода - арабские лошади
3. Приложения (исследования)
а) русская тройка;
б) 4 направления в коневодстве;
в) назначения табуна в СПК Кендже Кулакский;
г) породы лошадей;
д) кормление лошадей;
е ) условия, оказывающие влияние на продуктивность и работоспособность лошадей
ё) социологический опрос, проведенный среди учащихся МОУ СОШ №11;
ж) интервью с мэром сельского совета Назаровым Б.Д.;
5. Методическая литература
4. Тезисы
а) актуальность проекта;
б) практическая значимость работы;
в) цель и задачи проекта
6. Презентация к проекту
My name is Aliya. I am in the 9 (ninth) form. I live in the village of Kendzhe – Kulak. The theme of my project is “Зачарованная лошадьми”.
Welcome to Tersk!
Tersk, or the Tersk Horse Stud Farm, is the home of the Russian Arabian, the sheikh among sheikhs, the hero of the world's show rings and racetracks. We invite you on a short tour of Tersk. You will meet its equine denizens, male and female, young and old; you will be ushered into the land of the Fiery Steed inhabited by grey, chestnut, and bay quadrupedal princes and princesses. Tersk today is the Mecca of experts and tou­rists alike; from far and wide people come to take a look at the beautiful horses, to listen to stories and legends about them.
There are horses and horses. More than 250 breeds are known in the world, and only the beautiful and elegant Arabians rank among the aristocrats of the equine race. One of the most ancient breeds on earth, it has accumulated over the millennia a host of va­luable qualities. In Russia Arabians have been known since the time of Ivan the Terri­ble, but at the time they did not catch the fancy of the Russians because of their smal­lish size and hot temperament. It was not before centuries later that kind words were said in Russia about the Arabian horse — small bodies may harbour great souls. At long last the unique significance of the Ara­bian for selection was appreciated. Only in this country is the Arabian used on a wide scale to improve the many present-day breeds; Trakenen, Don, Budenny, Tersk, Kabardin, Lakai, Latvian, and many others.
But still, the main purpose of the Arabian is to be a feast for the eyes. At Tersk the horses are called living, works of art, they are treasured like the exhibits of the Armoury Chamber in the Kremlin or the master-pieces in the Tretyakov Picture Gallery. Any stable at the stud is not just an abode for horses, it is a salon of living pictures, products of the joint effort of a team of horse breeders who have devoted their lives to the Russian Arabian. Each picture is unique, not to be encounte­red in the entire horse world. Animate natu­re does not tolerate repetitions, they are wont to say at the Tersk Stud Farm, that factory of stars. Each year sees a fresh constellation, a new vintage of names: Negativ and Nabor, Petushok and Pesenka, Nakhodka and Naryadnaya, Antei and Pristan, and many, many others, past, present and future.
Behind each name is the strenuous work of so many people, a fusion of intuition and science, of present and history.
You will learn at a small museum of the Tersk Stud Farm that one hundred years ago
two friends, Count Stroganov and Prince Shcherbatov, who travelled in the Northern Caucasus, liked a small hamlet at the Zmeika Mountain as a seat for the Count's private stud farm. What decided the two Russian aristocratic horse lovers? They seem to have been captivated by the beauty and wilderness of the valley, by the bracing pure air, by the crystal water of the mountain springs, by the richness of the fragrant herbage. Already in the latter half of March the foothill medows turn into the relm of emerald greens sprinkled with the rainbow colours of spring flowers. Lush ranges, abundant sunshine, mountain streams, gently sloping terrain without dangerous cliffs — the Creator, it seems, was in good spirits when he was producing this paradise for horses.
It was to this place that Count S. A. Stro­ganov brought in 1899 the first Arabians from the distant Arabian Peninsula, which is generally considered to be their home. The locals, mostly of Cossack stock, just loved the miracle horses. The daring horsemen of the Caucasus shared with the beautiful ani­mals the fierce temperament of the southerners. Stroganov's stud farm was prospering. The Northern Caucasus became a second homeland for purebread Arabian horses.
Count Stroganov's farm suffered badly du­ring the Civil War in Russia. It was completely sacked, but before long it was restored. On the initiative of the devoted horse­man Marshal S. M. Budenny on 11 February 1921 a decree was signed on the formation of the Tersk Military Stud Farm whose task was to rear beautiful strong horses for the officer corps of the Soviet cavalry. And it was here that the breeding programme was started to de­velop a new breed, which would later be called the Tersk breed. The Tersk horse is a large Arabianized animal, suitable for cavalry, sport, hunt, and pleasure. A remarkable sample of the Tersk breed was the snow-white stallion Simvol, a mount of Marshal K. G. Zhukov at the historic Parade of Victory in 1945.
In 1944 the Tersk stock was transferred to the Stavropol Stud located 60 kilometres away from Tersk. In 1949 the Tersk Stud Farm was awarded by the Government for the breeding of the Tersk horse.
As you are taken through the stands of the museum by a guide you re-create the hardships of the 1930s. Photographs show the friends and comrades-in-arms, who had just sheathed their sabres and turned their volcanic ener­gies to the economy, which at the time, was a shambles after so many years of World War I and the Civil War. At Tersk they were improving their novel breed and dre­aming of restoring the locality to its erst­while equestrian glories.
Troopers loved their Arabian mounts for their intrepidity in battle, for their sta­mina, for their mettle, for their friend­liness and devotion to the master. So many canvases of cavalry warfare present in the foreground a rider on a rearing proud Ara­bian with beautiful eyes full of fighting fury and contempt of lead and steel, both char­ging ahead and leading their fellow horsemen on to victory. Scarred veterans re­membered quiet talks about future peaceful days with their Arabian steeds during lulls. How could they possibly forget this? No, Arabian horses should be restored at the stud! Even in a time of dearth Soviet hor­semen were procuring Arabians. They sought out good stock by one head or two in va­rious lands and brought them to Tersk. It took more than two decades to piece together the foundation stock. The horses arrived from Turkey and Hungary, France and England, Po­land and Germany, Egypt and other Arabic countries.
They were handpicked with patience and love, their pedigrees were carefully studied before embarking on a breeding programme. Tersk, like all the studs in the country, was producing not only horses, it also grew grain and vegetables and reared cattle and other animals.
The year of 1941! The railway station Mineralnye Vody was being bombed by' the Nazi stukas when the most valuable Arabians were being entrained. They were taken away first beyond the Volga River and then beyond the Urals. In 1944 the horses returned to their liberated home stud. The lads and herd­smen risked their lives to save the horses and worked hard then to restore the stud farm. In 1946, while the sent was hot", a mo­vie, The Brave People, was shot at Tersk, which re-created the recent history of the war days, the history of saving the horses. The whirlwind had swept over the country and the people at the farm began to forget those bitter days of blood and deprivation, and only the museum pieces remained as si­lent reminders of those ordeals for posterity.
Names of horses, names of people, and dates. For close on two decades now internatio­nal sales of Russian Arabian horses have been held at Tersk. They have attracted a good deal of attention of international horse breeders and dealers. Each year produced new heroes. Among national champions of various countries are the Tersk-born Muscat and Mar-sianin, Napraslina and Kilimandjaro, Ne­man and Napitok. An unheard-of success was the auction of 1981, when the Arabian industry learned the name of a stallion sold for $1,000,000 to the United States. It was the bay Pesniar, fouled in 1975, by Nabeg out of Pesnya, a horse with "a singing heart" and kind, intelligent eyes. At the stud the horse was known as the President of Horses.
The year of 1983 saw the triumph of the bay Menes (1977; Nabeg x Palmira). The stal­lion with "a dancing heart" was leased for 15 years to Fidelis, a U.S. company. The first payment for the stallion amounted to $1,500,000, but the settlement yet lies ahead.
Another year, another sensation. A Horse of Gold, that is what the press dubbed Peleng, a dark chestnut stallion. In 1975 he was sold to the United States for $2,350,000. Now then, what will be the next record?
Such are the prices of outstanding horses. Aren’t Arabians works of art then? These horses and their prices are already pieces of the glorious history of the Tersk Stud Farm, a history done round the corner from the museum, in the stables standing 150 brood­mares. Some of them are daughters, granddaugh­ters and great-granddaughters of Pesniar, Me­nes, Peleng, and other Tersk stars.
In these stables each new equine life is begotten, here passes the short childhood of a horse. For a foul it begins with the sensation on his lips of the sweet milk of his mother. The foul, an equine baby, pokes his head into the warmth of the mare, unsteady on his legs. Another several days, and he already cocks his ears and raises the wavy brush of his tail. His large li­quid eyes glow with curiosity, he is eager to learn this alien world around him. It is mostly a world of smells. The baby re­members many of them. By smells he learns to tell apart the hands of people, some with a halter, others with a titbit. And the hands of the vet, who makes his daily visits to the stable. The vet he remembers from the very first days of his life. So much of everything during the horse's childhood is associated with that man. It is he who takes his temperature every day, makes ino­culations and stabs, and gives bitter pills. It is he again who comes to help when the foul hangs his head, shows no interest in fodder and does not rise to his feet.
And the merry gambols in the pasture! Every day the foul accompanies his mother to the herd. In the meadow the young run about cutting capers, closely watched by the mothers and the herdsman. Fouls' mothers are different. Some are young, like Balerina, Vselennaya, and Venesuela, they too like cantering around in the field with their tails spread out; others, stately matrons, such as Malyutka, Nalpa, Nasturtsiya, and Panagia, prance with dignity, picking out of the abundance of grasses their favourite species. Only when their troublesome sons and daughters are lost out of their sight, they rear their heads and give a calling neigh, a sort of reminder of the code of conduct in herd.
The first summer of the fouls is the lon­gest. From tender babies they turn into ugly ducklings. Not always they return their mo­thers' call with an eagerness now, and more often they want to be independent and to learn the surrounding world, which is full of interesting things.
Comes the first autumn, and the obligatory branding of fouls. Now each of them gets a number, so that nobody will get lost in the large equestrian world.
And so our fouls are weaned from their mothers, from their comfort and protection. They are transferred to a large comfortable stable divided by a barrier into two sec­tion, one for coults the other for fillies.
At first they are all united by the common sorrow. They huddle up and whimper dole­fully calling their mothers! Oh, where is that longing for freedom of several days ago.
Increaibly hard are the first independent days for the foul. All at once he finds him­self confronted with so many unusual expe­riences. The lads who give him fragrant hay and palatable oats, and make dry beds are a bit strange in his opinion. Now they may stroke and drone some kind words and now they may draw a halter strongly and tether for a while, requiring absolute sub­mission. Or they start scratching the foul's sides with a strange, pricky and shaggy thing. Our silly foul does not know that this frightening operation is the obligatory halter-breaking of the young. After a while the foul grasps what is required of him and stands still offering his flanks to the treat­ment with things that, he knows now, are called comb and brush. He comes to like the procedure enormously.
Man and horse. For millennia they have been learning each other's ways. And now the foul can tell people apart by their voices and steps. Before he grows up to become a real mount, he will have gotten acquanted with so many people.
Little by little the fouls get used to the new life, they learn to hold their own in the play of catch-as-catch-can at the feed bunk and to fight ,,tooth and hoof" with the bullies. All over the spacious stable the fouls form up small groups. They sniff at one another showing signs of sympathy and exchanging the impressions of the day. The colts cast interested glances over the barriers at the charming representatives of the female half of the horse world — chestnut, grey, and bay fillies, graceful and large-eyed. The coquet­tish maidens whine softly, trying to attract attention. Cadgers and toadies, think the colts, and avert their eyes indignantly when a man offers a bit of sugar on the open palm to one of those grande dames.
So passes the first winter of a horse's life. Again the pastures turn emerald green and now two small herds of weanlings dash out into the open. They are spurred by the heady, disquieting smells of the spring. In merry games with the fellow yearlings, future rivals on the racetrack, passes the second summer of the fouls, and with it their group training.
The carefree youth has flied by, and come autumn the 1.5-yearolds are transferred by lot to racing stable-yards, of which there are nine at the Tersk Stud Farm.
Here man and horse should understand each other completely and become friends. Lacking this, it would be no light task to reveal the racing potential of a horse. It is at the racing yard that a young horse is broken, that is, taught to bear on his back a saddle and a rider. And it is here that the most intri­cate work starts on the horse to study his habits and traits, his character and abi­lities. In a word, the horse is subjected here to an individual training effort.
They leave behind their early trophies, diplomas and cups at the stud's museum and go to earn new additions to that fine collec­tion. The horses do not have to travel far: the racetrack is at Pyatigorsk. Two-year-olds here race together in various runs: 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 metres. In the first year of their racing career the young Ara­bians contend for the traditional prizes: Novice, Summer, Fillies, Kalinin, andAutumn. In the second year the distances range from 1200 to 3000 metres, the prizes being Opening, Grand Summer, Oaks (Fillies), Grand Pyatigorsk (Derby), R. S. F. S. R, (Minor Derby), S. M. Budenny, and Closing.
Horses over four years old for the most part take part in longer runs. An Arabian horse that has raced successfully at two and three years can win Introduction, U. S. S. R,, Friend­ship of Peoples, and Farewell.
Most horse are only raced for one year, and given over then to the export division to be conditioned for sales. But some make successful racers at three and four years. It is from among them that candidates for the remount of the stud herd are chosen. And selec­ted, they are for type, conformation, performance, movements, and temper. On the sire side they must belong to a good bloodline. On the mater­nal side a colt or filly should have relatives in famous broodmare families or nests. Those culled from the reproductive stock are sold to other studs, state stables, farms, riding schools, and circuses.
The greatest honour for a colt is to become a sire. At the stud there are only twenty of them. Selection here is the most severe, by many traits, the most important one being the qua­lity of the offspring.
The sires at Tersk represent many popular lines, such as Kohailan l-Piolun, Naseem, Korej, Amurath, Mansour, El Deree. Work is under way with new lines of Krzyzyk, Kuhai-lan Afas and Seanderich. The sires stand in spacious boxes of the round stable. They are exercised daily under saddle or in free in paddock.
For more than 20 years stood at Tersk the epoch-making sire Aswan, a gift of the Pre­sident Nasser of Egypt to the Soviet Go­vernment. Here lived Nile and Topol, Na-slednik and Nabeg. From here flied away Pesniar and rode away Menes and Peleng. Here now stands the chestnut stallion Balaton (Menes x Panagiya) fouled in 1982. Ameri­can experts called him the "sire of sires", and for us he is a fragment of our hot Caucassian sun, a paragon of an Arabian horse. His very first breeding season appeared a resoun­ding success.
In the final year of his brilliant racing career is now a bay son of Menes, elegant Gusar (1983) out of Simpatika.
Balaton's neighbour in the stable is 12-year-old Karavan, a "silver" stallion by Naslednik out of Karolina, a grandson on the sire's side of Nile, also a gift of Nasser, and on the dam's side a grandson of Salon, once a national champion of Western Ger­many, Holland, and Canada. Another representa­tive of this line is Aspirant (1981), a snow-white horse with a swan neck and dark shades around his eyes and nostrils, a son of Naslednik and Panagia, Aswan's daughter, a treasure of genes of Egyptian stock, as he is called.
Bay Naftalin (1977) leaves indifferent no visitor. A son of the famous hero of racetrack Topol and grey Nepryadva, Naftalin is a rising star of the Tersk Stud Farm. He has already produced a brilliant constella­tion of eminent horses: Almaz, Bagdad, Versal, Diplomant, to name but a few. The sire is noted for his large liquid eyes and mild disposition.
At all times is Naftalin watched closely and sternly by a pair of dark beautiful eyes, those of Esplendor, a bay stallion fouled in
1983. which was imported from England in
1984. He represents at the stud the line of Senderich. Still a young horse, Esplendor is twice a champion of England. Being a son of Gadames and Esperada, this compact elegant stallion is high on the blood of the beau­tiful Spanish Arabians imported to England. According to preliminary estimates a va­luable contribution to the Tersk breeding programme has been made by bay Gwizd (1981; Probat Gwyazda), an exchange sire from Michalow Stud in Poland. He comes from the ori­ginal bloodline of Kuhailan Afas. At Tersk he sired some fouls noted for their type, the first of them arrived in 1986. Several of­fspring of interesting pedigree have been produced by another leased Polish sire, chest­nut Charfiyaz (1979), A son of Banat and Harza, he belongs to the popular line of Krzyzyk. Visitors to the sire stable will hardly overlook the temperamental Mukomol (1979; Kumir x Malinka), that winner of ge­neral applause in the show ring.
The compact dapple-grey Nimroz of Naseem line the pet of the lads, will strike you by his elegance, type, and manners.
Like the scorching wind of desert flies the light-grey Potomak, a son of Muscat, a U. S, & Canadian National Champion, and Panorama, the dam of Pesenka, a U. S. Reserve Champion Mare. No less graceful are the mo­vements of Potomak's brother Murmansk, a cho-colade-colour stallion, A son of the premier broodmare Monogramma, he impresses with his glossy skin, silky mane and dry "desert" legs. A classic Arabian stallion for you! The entrance into a ring of Potomak's distant relative, the elegant chestnut Pogremok (1979; Moment x Pantera) is something to be remembered for years. He walzes in, his neck gracefully arched and his tail high. Coming from the most aristocratic lines of the breed, the sire has more than proved his exclusive pedigree.
Now, like a silver arrow shot from a long bow, a horse comes dashing across the ring — he broke loose from his handler. This is the king of the stable, the U. S. S. R National Champion Mashuk, an incredibly elegant stallion fouled in 1977, a blend of the gol­den bloods of Aswan and Malutka, another emi­nent horse. Experts and laymen alike are gene­rally captivated by this bold-trotting, ho­vering animal.
The parade of sires is over, and now the visitors and buyers at the Tersk Sales are tre­ated to no less impressive spectacle, the show of the leading broodmares with their "future stars". Tersk takes pride in posse­ssing splendid representatives of different Arabian breed types — Kuhailan, Saklavi, and Kuhailan-Saklavi — to meet any taste, ho­wever demanding.
At Tersk broodmares are cultivated for expressed Oriental type and nobility of conformation. The present stock are grand­daughters and great-granddaughters of the Tersk mares, each of which is a landmark in international Arabian breeding — Mammona, Taktika, Tarasha, Dziva, Koalitsiya, Sa-pinya, Karabinya, and others. Their pictu­res decorate the walls of the museum, but their blood and genes live on in their posterity. Every year onlookers and buyers at the action are shown the winners of traditional ra­cing prizes and champions — Kaluga, Meta, Nonya, Nutriya, Simpatika, and others. They invariably evoke a storm of applause that re­minds them the overcrowded passion-laden stands at the Pyatigorsk Racecourse. The old mares' eyes show grief for the glorious past and pride in their fine productions, a succession of colts and fillies that are now gems of Arabian stables in many count­ries.
You may hear people say about some brood­mares at Tersk: "She is a treasure of na­tion, of the people; the horse is not for sale." These words sound like music in the heart of a Tersk breeder.
An annual international auction crowns a year's effort of the horsemen of Tersk. In 1986 the most expensive horse was bay Almaz, byNaftalin out of Molva, sold to Holland for $430,000.
At the 1987 sales we hear again: "Ladies and gentlemen, esteemed guestsl We open the 17th International Auction of purebred Ara­bian horses at the Tersk Stud Farm. We take pride in welcoming here our constant part­ners from Holland, the United States, West Germany, Italy, and our new friends from Brasil, Australia, and Abu Dhabi. We wish you good luck, ladies and gentlemen!"
Especially lucky the 1987 auction was for a buyer from Brasil. He acquired a worthy son of Kumir and Pesnya, Pesniar's dam, the 8-year-old stallion Pesennik of sunny chest­nut colour, which is notable for the blood of his distant French forefathers. Another happy customer was a cowboy from Australia. He was enchanted by the 4-year-old filly Vnuchka, one of the last daughters of Aswan and venerable dam Nesravnennaya, by famous Salon. He paied for that emiment mare only $100,000. From Tersk directly to a racetrack at Abu Dhabi will go the 2-year-olds Damir, Dunai, Detka, Dyuimovochka, and Dauriya. Happy starts to them in their new homeland.
Tersk sees off several horses that leave for Italy. Elegantly paces beautiful Gloria. She serenely walks into the van as if she has spent a lifetime in it. The sight brings to mind the days when horses were used for transportation, now they are transported by car, air, railway, or sea, depending on the choise of their new owners. The horse carrier pulls out and on the asphalt is left a horseshue. Let's pick it up for luck — let our next year's sale be a success as well. The horse business is as old as the world, but it will live for ever, surrounded by a host of legends, parables, and traditions.
Here at Tersk each new day is filled to the brim with expectation of the coming of a miracle. Here live side by side a bitterness of failure and defeat, which are always present in any creative endeavour, and a joy of devoted, all-embracing love for the kind, intelligent, beautiful animal that is known in the world as the Russian Arabian.
Once again, a warm welcome to the Tersk Stud Farm. We're glad you are here and hope you'll visit us often at Tersk.
Будучи влюбленной в лошадей, что называется всерьез и надолго, я твердо знаю, что своим будущим образованием и дальнейшей работой буду приносить им максимальную пользу. Я их люблю, ухаживаю за ними.
Сейчас с каждым днем конноспортивных клубов становится все больше и больше. Люди, работающие на конюшнях должны знать каждую лошадь, ее родословную, привычки, поведение. Я думаю, что там должны работать люди, неравнодушные к лошадям. А если это детская школа, то главная задача взрослых - не просто научить ребенка держаться в седле, преодолевать препятствия, а главное - сразу и на всю жизнь привить ему любовь и уважение к лошади, то есть взаимоотношения людей и лошадей должны быть добрыми.
Мы знаем, что русская тройка стала использоваться для курьерских сообщений в
20 - е годы XVIII века и приобрела настоящую популярность. Звон колокольчика лихой тройки олицетворяет русскую удаль и волю. Звон почтового колокольчика был слышен на расстоянии двух и более верст. Но это был не просто звуковой сигнал. Курьерам и пассажирам приходилось преодолевать огромные расстояния по бескрайним российским просторам. Приятный звон колокольчика скрашивал однообразие утомительной езды, которая нередко растягивалась на много дней. Поэтому звон почтового колокольчика был одновременно и сильным, и нежным. Преобладание одного из этих двух качеств давало основание называть звон либо ямским, либо малиновым. Кроме того, считалось, что благодатный колокольный звон отгоняет нечистую силу. Вот и подвешивали наши предки на конские дуги колокольчики, чтобы при их звуках бесы бросались прочь с дороги, не в силах помешать путешествию.