Part 7 Breeding for Super Hybrid Rice
Because of the pressure of population growth and the reduction of arable land worldwide,the super high yielding rice
breeding programs were proposed and conducted in some countries and IRRI.
1 Standards of Super High Yielding Rice
The first breeding program for super high yielding rice was initiated in Japan in 1980. The aim of the program
was to develop new varieties out yielding the best varieties then by 50% within 15 years, i. e., increasing the yield
of brown rice from 5.00-6.50 t/ha in 1980 to 7.50-9.75 t/ha (equivalent to 9.38-12.19 tha of paddy rice) in 1995.
In 1989,IRRI started the "super rice" program, which is now called the new plant type breeding program. The
goal in this program is to develop super rice with a yield advantage of 20%-25% over the best varieties then.The
yield potential of super rice with growth duration of 120 days is expected to have 12 t/ha.In 1996,the China Ministry
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of Agriculture set up a super high yielding rice program with the yield targets listed in the following table.
Yield standards(t/ha) for the super hybrid rice in China
Yield standards
Phase
Early season rice
Single season rice
Late season rice
1995
7.50
8.25
7.50
I 1996-2000
9.75
10.50
9.75
II 2001-2005
11.25
12.00
11.25
The average yield at two locations with 6.7 ha each in two consecutive years. Of course,the yield standard in
a super high yielding program should be adjusted based on different times, ecological areas and planting
seasons.L.P. Yuan suggests that using the daily yield per unit land area as the criterion for super high yielding
programs should be more reasonable. Based on the present situation of hybrid rice production,the progress of
hybrid rice breeding, L.P.Yuan puts forward that 100 kg/ha per day as the goal for breeding super high yielding
hybrid rice in the first decade of the 21st century.
2 Strategies and Methods for Breeding Super High Yielding Hybrid Rice
2.1 The morphological model of super hybrid rice
Good plant type is the foundation for super high yield. Since Dr. Donald proposed the concept of ideal type in
1968, many rice breeders have paid great attention to this important topic and proposed several models for super
high yielding rice, such as the bushy type and rapid growing model proposed by Huang (China),the erect panicle
type by Yang (China),and the heavy panicle model by Zhou (China),etc. Among them the famous one is the "New
plant type" proposed by Khush (IRRI). Its main features are:(1) big panicle, 250 spikelets per panicle; (2) less
tillers, 3~4 productive tillers per plant; (3)Short and sturdy culm.
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