Literature review

Literature review
Learning vocabulary is largely about remembering, and students generally need to see, say, and write newly learned words many times before they can be said to have learned them. Some suggest that an impressive amount of learning can take place when students learn lists of paired items, others suggest that this method of learning does not aid deeper understanding of the words or help develop fluency. However, most agree that repetition is an important aid to learning and that having to actively recall or “retrieve” a word is a more effective way of learning than simple exposure or just seeing a word over and over. The implications for the vocabulary classroom are self-evident: Review vocabulary as often as possible in activities that have students actively recall words and produce them rather than merely see or hear them. There are many different ways of practicing newly presented vocabulary in class, from repeating the words, controlled practice, or reacting to the content in some way, to using the vocabulary to say true things about oneself. [Jeanne McCarten ,2007a,21-22 page]
Teaching vocabulary using pictures connect students’ prior knowledge to a new story, and in the process, help them learn new words. There are plenty of vocabularies that can be introduced by using illustrations or pictures. There are excellent means of making the meaning of unknown words clear. Teaching vocabulary using mime, expressions and gestures. The term “mime or gesture is useful if it emphasizes the importance of gestures and facial expression on communication. Many words can be introduced through mime, expressions and gestures. [ Jurnal KATA , October 2017, 187 page]
Nowadays, teenagers often use Indonesian and English together. The most interesting are manifestations in the form of code-mixing, arguing that, code-mixing occurs in the process of joint communication between different nationals. This is interesting because it is considered different form excellent and correct Moreover, mixing the two languages has positive values. [Journal of education and Learning, Mahrup Zainuddin Sabri November 2019, 534 page]

The acquisition of vocabulary is arguably the most critical component of successful language learning. Until recently, however, it has been difficult to determine the most important words and phrases needed to establish a suitable vocabulary for conducting conversations most effectively. The Corpus’ massive collection of texts has given us access to a wealth of information regarding spoken and written English that was previously unavailable. [Jeanne McCarten 2007b,26 page]

Teaching vocabulary to young learners will be more effectively if it has relation with their environments. Teachers or educators need preparation to teach young learners. Students in primary school or young learners cannot repeat new vocabulary in short time. It means that the teachers should make connection between vocabulary with the students’ lives through their environments, so they can learn and remind vocabulary easily. Several general principles can be implemented by teachers or educators to young learners such as using
suitable model and strategies to get students’ attention. The teachers or educators should use appropriate technique and choose suitable method to teach vocabulary for their students especially young learners. Young learners aged between five until twelve years old . Children are the first stage in language teaching and learning process. Children can increase their language skill if they have many vocabularies. Teaching children is not easy and very different with teaching adults. Young learners learn from all things around them, they cannot understand only
from explanation and they easily to get bored. Teachers or educators of young learners can give something which can take their interest and concentration such as fun activities, interesting media. [ Anissa Indrasari. September 2018, 143 p ]
The concept of a word can be defined in various ways, but teachers need to aware of and focus on three significant aspects; form, meaning and use. The form of word involves its pronunciation, spelling and any word parts that make up this particular item. [ Myrna Jacobs, 2021,3p]
According to research, students’ vocabulary increases when they are exposed to new words through various language experiences, such as reading and oral discussions. In addition, when students are exposed to a wide variety of reading genres, from biographies a fairy tales to how-to books, they learn different types of vocabulary. [ Susan Hanson and Jennifer F.M.Pauda, 2011 11p]
Vocabulary does not have rules the language learners may follow to acquire and develop their knowledge. In other words, it is not clear in vocabulary learning what rules apply or which vocabulary items should be learned first vocabulary was by far the most sizeable and unmanageable component in the learning of any language, whether a foreign or one’s mother tongue, because of tens of thousands of different meanings. [Alpino Susanta , October 2017, 183p]