Литература по учебной дисциплине «Практика устной и письменной речи»

(1) synthetically (within one word), with the help of: (a) postfixal inflections/inflexions, i.e. bound grammatical morphemes attached to stems to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, case, or degree of comparison. Cf. nice – nicer – the nicest; mechanical adding of one or more affixes to the root is called agglutination; (b) internal inflections, which are the result of vowel change, cf. foot – feet, bring – brought, shake – shook, take – took; (c) suppletivity—using different forms to express opposed grammatical meaning: cf. good – better – best, bad – worse – the worst, etc.;
(2) analytically, employing more than one word: cf. important – more important – most important, will work.
The lexico-grammatical meaning (the part-of-speech meaning) is the common meaning of words belonging to a lexico-grammatical class of words; it is the feature according to which they are grouped together. The interrelation of the lexical and grammatical meanings varies in different word-classes. In the functional parts of speech, the prevailing component is the grammatical type of meaning (e.g., in prepositions); in the notional parts of speech—the lexical (e.g., in nouns, verbs, etc.).
The lexical meaning is the component of meaning proper to the given linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions. E.g., in the forms go – goes – went – gone we find one and the same semantic component denoting the movement or process.
Both the lexical and the grammatical meanings make up the word-meaning as neither can exist without the other.
Lexical meaning is not homogeneous either; it includes denotative and connotative components.
The denotative component of lexical meaning expresses the conceptual content of a word. Fulfilling the nominative and the communicative functions of the word, it is present in every word and may be regarded as the central factor in the functioning of the language. Denotative words include the so-called nomenclature words and word-groups, which are various terms and professionalisms of unique meaning. For example, electron, motor, miner, tongs, outer space, specific weight, bus, tailor, football, etc. Most denotative words are stylistically neutral. The latter may be represented by whole lexico-grammatical classes such as: pronouns (he, she, we, you), numerals (five, ten, twenty), most of verbs (be, live, love), nouns (mother, sister, cow, horse), adjectives (blue, white, old, fat, urban, rural, young), all adverbs (today, soon, well, slowly, then, there), and some others.