List of sources used

content


introduction
1 THE CONCEPT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
2 MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR TYPES
3 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
conclusion
LIST OF SOURCES USED


introduction
The modern period of development of a civilized society characterizes the process of informatization.
Informatization of society is a global social process, the peculiarity of which is that the dominant activity in the field of social production is the collection, accumulation, production, processing, storage, transmission and use of information carried out on the basis of modern means of microprocessor and computer technology, as well as on the basis of various means of information exchange. The informatization of society provides:
-active use of the ever-expanding intellectual potential of the society, concentrated in the print fund, and scientific, industrial and other activities of its members;
-integration of information technologies into scientific and industrial activities, initiating the development of all spheres of social production, intellectualization of labor activity;
-a high level of information service, accessibility of any member of the society to sources of reliable information, visualization of the information presented, the materiality of the data used.
The use of open information systems, designed to use the entire array of information currently available to society in a certain area, makes it possible to improve the mechanisms of managing the social structure, contributes to the humanization and democratization of society, increases the well-being of its members. the processes taking place in connection with the informatization of society contribute not only to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the intellectualization of all types of human activity, but also to the creation of a qualitatively new information environment of society that ensures the development of the creative potential of the individual.
One of the directions of the process of informatization of modern society is the informatization of education - the process of providing the field of education with methodology and practice for the development and optimal use of modern or, as they are commonly called, new information technologies focused on the implementation of psychological and pedagogical goals of training, education.
The process of informatization also affected economic sectors. Their radical improvement and adaptation to modern conditions has become possible thanks to the massive use of the latest computer and telecommunications technology, the formation of highly effective information and management technologies on its basis. The tools and methods of applied computer science are used in management and marketing. New technologies based on computer technology require radical changes in the organizational structures of management, its regulations, human resources, documentation systems, recording and transmission of information.
New information technologies significantly expand the possibilities of using information resources in various industries, as well as in education.

1 THE CONCEPT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Technology is a complex of scientific and engineering knowledge implemented in labor techniques, sets of material, technical, energy, labor factors of production, ways of combining them to create a product or service that meets certain requirements. Therefore, technology is inextricably linked with the mechanization of the production or non-production, primarily management process. Management technologies are based on the use of computers and telecommunications equipment.

According to the definition, information technology is a complex of interrelated, scientific, technological, engineering disciplines that study methods of effective labor organization of people engaged in processing and storing information; computer technology and methods of organizing and interacting with people and production equipment, their practical applications, as well as related social, economic and cultural problems. Information technologies themselves require complex training, large initial costs and high-tech equipment. Their introduction should begin with the creation of mathematical support, the formation of information flows in specialist training systems.
There are several points of view on the development of information technologies using computers, which are determined by various signs of division.
Common to all the approaches outlined below is that with the advent of the personal computer, a new stage in the development of information technology has begun. The main goal is to meet the personal information needs of a person, both for the professional sphere and for the household.
The main signs of the division of information technology:
By type of tasks and information processing processes:
Stage 1 (60 - 70s) — data processing in computer centers in the mode of collective use. The main direction of information technology development was automation of routine human actions.
The 2nd stage (since the 80s) is the creation of information technologies aimed at solving strategic tasks.
On the problems that stand in the way of informatization of society:
The 1st stage (until the end of the 60s) is characterized by the problem of processing large amounts of data in conditions of limited hardware capabilities.
The 2nd stage (until the end of the 70s) is associated with the spread of computers of the IBM/360 series. The problem of this stage is the software lagging behind the level of hardware development.
Stage 3 (since the beginning of the 80s) - the computer becomes a tool for a non-professional user, and information systems - a means of supporting his decision-making. The problems are the maximum satisfaction of the user's needs and the creation of an appropriate interface for working in a computer environment.
The 4th stage (since the beginning of the 90s) is the creation of modern technology between organizational relations and information systems. The problems of this stage are very numerous. The most significant of them are:
- the development of agreements and the establishment of standards, protocols for computer communication;
- organization of access to strategic information;
- organization of information protection and security.
By the advantage that computer technology brings:
The 1st stage (since the beginning of the 60s) is characterized by fairly efficient information processing when performing routine operations with a focus on centralized collective use of computing center resources. The main criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of the information systems being created was the difference between the funds spent on development and the funds saved as a result of implementation. The main problem at this stage was psychological - poor interaction between users, for whom information systems were created, and developers due to the difference in their views and understanding of the problems being solved. As a consequence of this problem, systems were created that users did not perceive well and, despite their rather large capabilities, did not fully use.
The 2nd stage (since the mid-70s) is associated with the advent of personal computers. The approach to the creation of information systems has changed - the orientation is shifting towards the individual user to support their decisions. The user is interested in the ongoing development, contact with the developer is being established, mutual understanding of both groups of specialists arises. At this stage, both centralized data processing is used, which is typical for the first stage, and decentralized, based on solving local tasks and working with local databases at the user's workplace.
The 3rd stage (since the beginning of the 90s) is associated with the concept of analysis of strategic advantages in business and is based on the achievements of telecommunications technology of distributed information processing. Information systems are aimed not just at increasing the efficiency of data processing and helping the manager. Appropriate information technologies should help the organization to stand up in the competition and gain an advantage.
The technological concepts used in the production sphere, such as norm, norm, technological process, technological operation, etc., can also be used in information technology. Before developing these concepts in any technology, including information technology, you should always start by defining the goal. Then you should try to structure all the proposed actions leading to the intended goal, and select the necessary software tools.
It is necessary to understand that the development of information technology and its further use should be reduced to the fact that you first need to master a set of elementary operations, the number of which is limited. From this limited number of elementary operations, an action is made up in different combinations, and from actions, also in different combinations, operations are made up that determine a particular technological stage. The set of technological stages forms a technological process (technology). It can start from any level and not include, for example, stages or operations, but consist only of actions. Different software environments can be used to implement the stages of the technological process.
Information technology, like any other, must meet the following requirements:

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  to ensure a high degree of separation of the entire information processing process into stages (phases), operations, actions;
  
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  include the entire set of elements necessary to achieve the goal;
  
• 
  have a regular character. The stages, actions, and operations of the technological process can be standardized and unified, which will allow for more effective targeted management of information processes.
  

2 MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR TYPES

Modern material production and other spheres of activity are increasingly in need of information service, processing of a huge amount of information. A universal technical means of processing any information is a computer, which plays the role of an amplifier of the intellectual capabilities of a person and society as a whole, and communication tools using computers serve to communicate and transmit information. The emergence and development of computers is a necessary component of the process of informatization of society.

The informatization of society is one of the patterns of modern social progress. This term is increasingly replacing the term "computerization of society", which was widely used until recently. Despite the external similarity of these concepts, they have a significant difference.
During the computerization of the company, the main attention is paid to the development and implementation of the technical base of computers that ensure the prompt receipt of the results of information processing and its accumulation.
During the informatization of society, the main attention is paid to a set of measures aimed at ensuring the full use of reliable, exhaustive and timely knowledge in all types of human activity.
Thus, "informatization of society" is a broader concept than "computerization of society", and is aimed at mastering information as soon as possible to meet their needs. In the concept of "informatization of society", the emphasis should be placed not so much on technical means as on the essence and goals of socio-technical progress. Computers are the basic technical component of the process of informatization of society.
Informatization based on the introduction of computer and telecommunication technologies is a reaction of society to the need for a significant increase in labor productivity in the information sector of public production, where more than half of the able-bodied population is concentrated. For example, more than 60% of the able—bodied population is employed in the US information sector, and about 40% in the CIS.
From a modern point of view, the use of the phone in the early years of its existence looks pretty ridiculous. The supervisor dictated the message to his secretary, who then sent it from the phone room. A phone call was received in a similar room of another company, the text was recorded on paper and delivered to the addressee. It took a long time before the phone became such a common and familiar way of communication that it began to be used, as we do today: we call to the right place ourselves, and with the advent of cell phones – to a specific person.
Nowadays, computers are mainly used as a means of creating and analyzing information, which is then transferred to familiar media (for example, paper). But now, thanks to the widespread use of computers and the creation of the Internet, for the first time you can use your computer to communicate with other people through their computers. The need to use printed data to transfer to colleagues is eliminated, just as paper disappeared from telephone conversations. Today, thanks to the use of the Web, can be compared with the time when people stopped recording the text of telephone messages: computers (and their communication with each other via the Internet) are already so widespread and familiar that we are starting to use them in fundamentally new ways. WWW is the beginning of the path where computers will truly become a means of communication.
The Internet provides an unprecedented way to get information. Anyone with access to WWW can get all the information available on it, as well as powerful means of searching for it. The opportunities for education, business and the growth of mutual understanding between people are simply overwhelming. Moreover, Web technology allows you to spread information everywhere. The simplicity of this method has no analogues in history. In order to make your views, goods or services known to others, there is no longer a need to buy space in a newspaper or magazine, pay for time on television and radio. The Web makes the rules of the game the same for government and individuals, for small and large firms, for producers and consumers, for charities and political organizations. The World Wide Web (WWW) on the Internet is the most democratic medium of information: with its help, anyone can say and hear what is said without intermediate interpretation, distortion and censorship, guided by certain limits of decency. The Internet provides a unique freedom of personal expression and information.
Similar to the use of internal phones of companies to connect employees with each other and the outside world, the Web is used both for communication within the organization and between organizations and their consumers, customers and partners. The same Web technology that enables small firms to make themselves known on the Internet, a large company can be used to transmit data about the current state of the project over an internal intranet, which will allow its employees to always be more knowledgeable and, therefore, more operational compared to small, agile competitors. The use of an intranet within an organization to make information more accessible to its members is also a step forward compared to the past. Now, instead of storing documents in an intricate computer archive, it has become possible (under the control of security tools) to easily search and describe documents, make links to them and make pointers. Thanks to Web technology, business, as well as management, becomes more efficient.
3 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Among the main stages of the development of telecommunication technologies should be named:

— telegraph and telephone networks (pre-computer era);
— data transmission between individual subscribers via dedicated and switched channels using modems;
— packet-switched data networks: datagram or using virtual connections (type x.25);
— local area networks (the most common are ethernet, token ring);
— digital integrated service networks (isdn) — narrowband, and then broadband;
— high-speed local area networks — fast ethernet, fddi, fddi ii (development of fddi for synchronous transmission of speech and video information);
— high-speed distributed networks frame relay, smds, atm;
— information superhighways.
Computer networks can be classified according to various criteria.
I . According to the principles of management :
1. Peer-to-peer - not having a dedicated server. In which control functions are alternately transferred from one workstation to another;
2. Multi-rank is a network that includes one or more dedicated servers. The other computers of such a network (workstations) act as clients.
Ii . By connection method :
1. "direct connection" - two personal computers are connected by a piece of cable. This allows one computer (master) to access the resources of another (slave);
2. "common bus" - connecting computers to a single cable;
3. "star " - connection through the central node;
4. "ring" is a serial connection of a pc in two directions.
Iii . By territory coverage :
1. Local area network (a network in which computers are located at a distance of up to a kilometer and are usually connected using high-speed communication lines.) - 0.1 - 1.0 km; lan nodes are located within one room, floor, building.
2. Corporate network (located within the same organization, company, factory). The number of nodes in the kvs can reach several hundred. At the same time, the corporate network usually includes not only personal computers, but also powerful computers, as well as various technological equipment (robots, assembly lines, etc.).
The corporate network makes it possible to facilitate the management of the enterprise and the management of the technological process, to establish clear control over information and production resources.
3. Global network (a network whose elements are separated from each other by a considerable distance) - up to 1000 km.
As communication lines in global networks, both specially laid (for example, transatlantic fiber optic cable) and existing communication lines (for example, telephone networks) are used. The number of nodes in the dhw can reach tens of millions. The global network includes separate local and corporate networks.
4. The world wide web is an association of global networks (internet).

Conclusion

Information technology has firmly entered our lives.
The use of computers has become commonplace, although quite recently a workplace equipped with a computer was a rarity. Information technologies have opened up new opportunities for work and leisure, have made it possible to facilitate human labor in many ways.
Modern society can hardly be imagined without information technology. It is difficult to imagine the prospects for the development of computer technology today, even for specialists. However, it is clear that something grandiose awaits us in the future. And if the pace of information technology development does not decrease (and there is no doubt about it), then it will happen very soon.
With the development of information technologies, the transparency of the world is growing, the speed and volume of information transfer between the elements of the world system, another integrating world factor appears. This means that the role of local traditions contributing to the self-sufficient inertial development of individual elements is weakening. At the same time, the reaction of elements to signals with positive feedback increases. Integration could only be welcomed if it did not result in the erosion of regional and cultural-historical features of development.
Information technologies have absorbed the avalanche-like achievements of electronics, as well as mathematics, philosophy, psychology and economics. The resulting viable hybrid marked a revolutionary leap in the history of information technology, which dates back hundreds of thousands of years.
Modern society is filled and permeated with streams of information that need to be processed. Therefore, without information technology, as well as without energy, transport and chemical technologies, it cannot function normally.
Socio-economic planning and management, production and transport, banks and exchanges, mass media and publishing houses, defense systems, social and law enforcement databases, service and healthcare, educational processes, offices for processing scientific and business information, and finally, the Internet - IT is everywhere. Information saturation not only changed the world, but also created new problems that were not foreseen.

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