lexical
grammatical
category
example
category
example
noun
person
pronoun
one
adjective
red
pro-adjective
such
verb
exist
pro-verb
be
adverb
behind
pro-adverb
there
preposition
notwithstanding
grammatical preposition
of
conjunction
supposing (that)
grammatical conjunction
that
interjection
gosh!
grammatical interjection
yes
It should be clear that T6 contains only a subset of the lexical and grammatical categories even of
that one language. Here a few more grammatical categories will be mentioned which, in different
languages, have the status of minor classes grammaticalized from some major class.
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The class of
pro-verbs at least includes verbs of existence, positionals, copulas, auxiliaries, modals, light verbs
and coverbs. Numeral classifiers and possessive classifiers are minor classes corresponding to
absolute and to relational nouns, respectively, as their feeding major class. Quantifiers may be
treated as the grammatical counterpart to numerals. They share with the latter their indeterminacy in
terms of distribution class. Where they are of nominal character, at least one relevant grammatical-
ization relation is amply documented, viz. the grammaticalization of the numeral ‘one’ to the
indefinite article.
For each class of grammatical formatives, there is at least one major class which feeds it
through grammaticalization. Grammaticalization is not among the forces creating and delimiting
parts of speech adduced in the preceding sections and assembled in S2. It differs categorically from
these, just as some of the factors joined in that diagram differ categorically among each other. This
is just one more occasion to recall that part-of-speech systems owe their existence and shape to a set
of incommensurable factors and are therefore internally heterogeneous. That is, however, not to say
that the factors assembled in S2 are irrelevant for the minor parts of speech. Instead, with increasing
grammaticalization, their motivation in terms of cognitive and communicative functions fades
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A rather comprehensive overview of the ways in which minor classes evolve from major classes by
grammaticalization is found in Heine & Kuteva 2007, ch.2.
Christian Lehmann, The nature of parts of speech
29
away, while their motivation by purely formal factors remains and increasingly becomes their only
motivation.
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