4.4.2.1 Noun, adjective and verb
Nouns and adjectives may alternate in a couple of contexts. One of these is in the predicate of a
copula clause, as in E18 (from Jespersen 1924:75-77):
E18
a. c’est rose
F
RENCH
‘it’s pink’
b. c’est une rose
‘it’s a rose’
E18a only entails ‘it is colored’, thus, the hyperonym of ‘pink’, while E18b not only entails ‘it is a
flower’, but also ‘it has thorns’, ‘it has pinnate foliage’ etc. More in general: Given a proposition of
the form ‘X is P’; then if P is an adjective, the proposition entails only hyperonyms of P; if it is a
noun, then it entails a sometimes heterogeneous set of more or less specific predicates.
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It is the
combination of these that constitutes the higher ontological autonomy of what is signified by a noun
as against an adjective.
Another difference between the two word classes becomes clearer in E19 (example from Bally
1921:305 taken up in Jespersen 1924:77):
E19
a. vous êtes impertinent
F
RENCH
‘you are impertinent’
b. vous êtes un impertinent
‘you are an impertinent guy’
The substantivization of E19b has the effect of subsuming the subject under an established class,
thereby characterizing it in an essential way, i.e. forestalling the interpretation of a contingent state.
This is also illustrated by E20.
E20
Having been a Conservative Liberal in politics till well past sixty, it was not until
Disraeli’s time that he became a Liberal Conservative. (Jespersen 1924:78)
The wording obviously presupposes that liberals and conservatives are classes and that the subject
is subsequently subsumed as an element under either of these classes. In E20, these classes are
presumably stabilized by party membership. Being essentially a member of either of these classes,
the subject is secondarily characterized by a property. The underlying principle is that a substantive
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Cf. Jespersen 1924:75: “the adjective indicates and singles out one quality, one distinguishing mark, but
each substantive suggests … many distinctive features”.
Christian Lehmann, The nature of parts of speech
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says what an entity primarily and essentially is, whereas an adjective only attributes a property (or
just a state) to it which may be compatible with many other properties of the same significance.
These examples are apt to show that predicating a noun on a referent implies its inclusion in a
conceptually stable class, its subsumption under a kind, with the associated stereotyping effect.
Predicating an adjective on a referent implies ascribing it a property or state as a more or less stable
characteristic without, however, categorizing it in any essential way (s. Wierzbicka 1986).
Now as for adjectives and verbs, a direct opposition between them in predicative position may
be obtained in a language that possesses a set of roots from which either an adjective or a verb stem
may be formed. That is the case in Latin, as illustrated by the examples in T4 (cf. Lehmann 1995,
§2.1.2):
T4
Verb and adjective in Latin
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