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Parts of speech and the levels of grammatical structure
In modern linguistics, the traditional concept of ‘part of speech’ has mostly been equated with the
word class; and often the latter term is used instead of the former. Now the term part of speech is a
calque on the Latin pars orationis, which is a calque on the Greek méros lógou, all of which mean
literally ‘part of speech’ or ‘part of sentence’. The word classes of structural linguistics, instead, are
defined as lexeme classes. This notion is more abstract because a lexeme is an abstraction
corresponding to a class of word-forms and, therefore, a component of the system rather than of the
text. Consequently, lexeme classes, too, are essentially components of the language system. Thus, a
word class in the sense of ‘lexeme class’ is not actually a 'part of speech' (or of the sentence).
One must, however, bring to account that the ancient authors of the concept ‘méros lógou’ alias
‘pars orationis’ lacked a concept of the syntactic category in the sense of ‘category of syntagma’
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(“phrasal category”) (s. Himmelmann 2007:261), so that their concept comprised not only the word
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This is the distinction that Comrie (1976:3) and others mark by initial upper case and lower case, for the
names of language-specific and interlingual categories, resp. Haspelmath, in several recent publications, e.g.
2012, emphatically rejects the application of concepts like 'noun' and 'verb' at the interlingual level. Now it is
true that such concepts cannot serve as tertia comparationis in language comparison. However, from the fact
that such categories are not universal, it does not follow that they cannot be present in more than one
language. Haspelmath himself (o.c. p. 118) speaks of a nominative marker in Tagalog, certainly not implying
that Tagalog uses a Latin grammatical formative.
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Sapir 1921:125: “no logical scheme of the parts of speech – their number, nature, and necessary confines –
is of the slightest interest to the linguist. Each language has its own scheme. Everything depends on the
formal demarcations which it recognizes.”
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The term ‘syntagma’ is the immediate hyperonym for ‘phrase’, which is a continuous syntagma. In the
following, whenever ‘syntagma’ is meant, the word phrase will be used, as a concession to anglophone
convention.
Christian Lehmann, The nature of parts of speech
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category, but also the syntactic category (to the extent the latter concept applies in Greek and Latin).
Phrases with their syntactic categories are indeed components of the sentence. We will therefore use
the term Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |