3.2
Syntagmatic relations
Viewed in terms of a formal constraint on a semiotic system, compositionality requires that
messages be composed of units that belong to categories that complement each other on the
syntagmatic axis. That is, the string must be segmentable into units that instantiate categories which
allow them to be grouped into larger units (constructions) by syntagmatic relations based on these
categories.
Syntagmatic relations between parts of speech may be conceived in terms of dependency
grammar (or its equivalent in other models of syntax, e.g. Gil’s (2000) categorial syntax). At the
highest taxonomic level, they subdivide into relations of sociation and dependency. The former may
serve to assess the role of certain minor parts of speech like the sociative particles, which we will
return to below (class 2a). Dependency relations are recognized on the basis of the distribution of
the components contracting them. More specifically, each of these components belongs to some
category defined as its distribution class; and the resulting complex construction again belongs to
some such category. In a dependency relation, one of the members of the relation determines the
category of the resulting construction. That member is X in T2. Two cases may be distinguished:
either the complex category is simply the category of one of the members of the relation; or it is
determined by one of them without being identical to the latter’s category. T2 systematizes these
two dependency relations for the major parts of speech presently at stake. X’ means a category
differing from X in its distribution only by not combining with Y. The instantiations listed on the
right-hand side of T2 are interlingual categories in the sense of §1.2. The slash separates the phrasal
category from the word class as introduced in §2.
15
14
The case of vowels and consonants in phonology is largely analogous.
15
A noun phrase is functionally caseless; a cased noun phrase is like an adpositional phrase, falling into the
distribution class of the adverbial phrase. Given this distinction, the conception may extend to multivalent
verbs beyond bivalent verbs: their first object may be a noun phrase, their second object, a cased noun
phrase.
Christian Lehmann, The nature of parts of speech
10
T2
Dependency relations and parts of speech
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |