LECTURE 7. SPECIFIC FEATURES OF A FICTIONAL TEXT
D.U. Ashurova
M.R. Galieva
Copyright
Only for Personal use
Source: Text Linguistics. –Tashkent. Turon-Iqbol
A fictional text (belles-lettres text) being one of the forms of literary
communication, has peculiar features which distinguish this text type from other
forms of communication. The problem of fictional texts has received widespread
attention among linguists. The basic notions of fiction such as imagery, emotiveness,
implicitness, ambiguity, associative potential, creativity, semantic complexity were
discussed in the works by V.V. Vinogradov, B.A. Larin, G.O. Vinokur, R.O.
Jackobson and others.
A fictional text is regarded as one of the types of communication, that is
literary communication. This assumption raises the question: how to draw a clear
line of demarcation between literary and other types of communication. In other
words, it is necessary to define what features determine the specificity of the belles-
lettres text. I.R. Galperin indicates the following features of this text-type:
1. genuine, not trite imagery achieved by means of stylistic devices;
2. the use of words in contextual, and very often in more than one dictionary
meaning;
3. the vocabulary which reflects to a greater or lesser degree the author’s personal
evaluation of things and phenomena;
3. a peculiar individual selection of vocabulary and syntax, a kind of lexical and
syntactical idiosyncrasy.
There were attempts to define the specificity of a fictional text in the
pragmatic perspective proceeding from the theory of speech acts based on the
universal rules of speech behaviour (Grice, 1985). However, in the process of
literary communication these rules, as has been proved by many researchers, are
constantly violated. It refers to the so called “surplus” information peculiar to
fictional texts. This information violates the principle of “brevity” in
communication. The principle of “truthfulness” applied to a fictional text is also of
a very relative character. As is known, the fictional text reflects “an imaginary
world”, it is not associated with the practical activity of communicants, and therefore
it is devoid of factological accuracy.
With regard to fiction, T.A. van Dijk suggests the principle of
“constructiveness” which is more adequate for literary communication. This
principle postulates that the author’s intention in the fictional text is by no means
“practical” communication, but the construction of “possible”, “imaginary” worlds
for the reader (1977).
Let’s discuss Grice’s maxim of quantity, which in a fictional text correlates
with two quite opposite tendencies: linguistic economy and linguistic redundancy.
The principle of linguistic economy is one of the basic laws of language
development. In fiction, besides traditional lexical (derivatives, compound words,
all types of contracted forms) and syntactical (elliptical structures, one-member
sentences, unfinished sentences) means, there are some stylistic means which also
serve the aim of linguistic economy. To such we refer antonomasia, allusion,
metaphor, aposiopesis (See diagram 8).
LINGUISTIC ECONOMY
IN FICTION
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syntactical
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Let’s discuss some stylistic devices creating linguistic economy.Allusion is
regarded as a reference to some historical, mythological, literary facts. Allusion, no
matter whether expressed by a word, group of words or a sentence, can be regarded
as a curtailed text. The use of allusion to a considerable extent increases the volume
of information. The mechanism of allusion rests on the fact that it extracts from the
addressee’s memory the old information meant for a new object. This phenomenon
is called conceptual integration (Молчанова, 1988, 2007) and it is intended to
activate a certain frame associated with historical, mythological, religious, literary
facts and events and to apply it to another frame in a new context.
The same cognitive process is observed in case of antonomasia attributed to
the sphere of poetic onomastics. It is a stylistic device which uses either a proper
name to express a general idea or a notional word instead of a proper noun. From
the stylistic point of view antonomasia is an image-bearing stylistic device aimed to
express emotional, subjective-evaluative attitude of the author. From the point of
view of cognitive processes antonomasia is a verbaliser of certain relevant for
communication knowledge structures. From the communicative standpoint
antonomasia realises the principle of linguistic economy. Thus, in O’Neil’s play
“Long day’s journey into night” we find the author’s remark in the portrait
description:
Jamie, the elder, is thirty three, He has his father’s broad-shouldered, deep
chested physique, is an inch taller and weighs less, but appears shorter and stouter...
Combined with his habitual expression of cynicism it gives his countenance a
Mephistophelian cast (Three American Plays, 1972).
Here the antonomasia, expressed by the derivative adjective, is motivated by
the proper name “Mephistophel” which contains knowledge structures associated
with Goethe’s “Faust”. In its turn the image of Mephistophel, symbolising evil,
malice, contempt to people, serves to characterise the personage of this play – Jamie.
The principle of linguistic economy is conditioned by “geshtalt” properties of
antonomasia. It means that the antonomasia here contains the information of the
whole text by Goethe, thus introducing “text into text”. One word
“Mephistophelian” substitutes pages of long descriptions. The effect of linguistic
economy is achieved here by the fact that the author instead of long explanations
uses a well-known name to characterise the personage of this play.
As has been pointed out, equally with the principle of linguistic economy there
is a tendency for linguistic redundancy created by a great variety of repetitions at all
language levels (anaphora, epiphora, framing, synonymous repetitions, parallelisms,
gradation, convergence of stylistic devices, and others). From the point of view of
factual information the recurring elements of the text are considered superfluous,
they violate the communicative postulate: “be brief”. At the same time proceeding
from specific features of the fictional text, we can argue that the phenomenon of
recurrence is conceptually significant for this text type. The role of repetitions will
be discussed further, here it should be stressed that linguistic redundancy is justified
by the aims of communication in the work of imaginative literature. A variety of
linguistic forms creating the effect of redundancy is seen in diagram 9:
In considering the problem of the fictional text specificity, we should not overlook
REDUNDANCY
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