Lecture I theme I: Subject and aims of the History of English

Key words:

Written Standard – ёзув стандарти;

Great Vowel Shift – унлиларнинг жой алмашиниши.

Lecture XII

Theme: Development of the syntactic system in New English

Plans:

1. Development of new grammatical forms.

2. Growth of analytical forms.

4. 
   Development of the syntactic system in NE.
   

Literature:

1. 
   Аракин В.Д. Очерки по истории английского языка. –M.: Просвещение, 1975. –298 с.
   
2. 
   Бруннер К. История английского языка. / Пер. с нем. яз.-M.: Иностранная литература, 1986. –348 с.
   
3. 
   Иванова И.Р., Беляева Т.М. Хрестоматия по истории английского языка. -Л.: Просвещение, 1973. – 276 с.
   
4. 
   Иванова И.Р., Чахоян Л.Р. История английского языка.-M.: МГУ, 1976. –180 с.
   
5. 
   Ильиш Б.А. История английского языка. -Л.: Просвещение, 1973. –332 с.
   

6. Линский В.Я. Сборник упражнений по истории английского языка .-Л.: ЛГУ, 1983. – 164с.

7. Резник Р.В., Сорокина Т.А., Резник И.В. История английского языка (на английском языке). – 2-е изд. – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2003. – 496 с.

8. Смирницкий А.И. История английского языка (средний и новый период) - M.: Просвещение, 1975. –254 с.

9. Смирницкий А.И. Хрестоматия по истории английского языка. - M., 1983.

10. Barber, Ch. Linguistic Change in Present-Day English. London, 1994. –345 pp.

11. Baugh, A., Cable, Th. A History of the English Language. New York, 1978.-446 pp.

12.Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford, 1979.-198 pp.

13. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. –M.: Vysšaja škola, 1983. -347 pp.

14. Serjeantson, M. History of Foreign Words in English. London, 1985. -255 pp.

15. Strang, B. A History of English. London, 1974.-523 pp. London, 1994. –345 pp.

1. A genuine analytical verb form must have a stable structural pattern different from the patterns of verb phrases; it must consist of several component parts: an auxiliary verb, sometimes two or three auxiliary verbs, NE would have been taken – which serve as a grammatical marker and expresses the lexical meaning is not equivalent to the sum of meanings of the component. In the age of Shakespeare the phrases with shall and will, as well as the Pres. Tense of notional verbs, occurred in free variation; they can express ‘pure’ futurity and add different shades of modal meanings. Phrases with shall and will outnumbered all the other ways of indicating futurity. In the 17^th c. was sometimes used in a shortened form –ill: against myself I’ll fight; against myself I’ll vow debate. (Shakespeare).

Another confirmation of the change of shall and will into form-words is to be found in the rules of usage in the grammars of the 17^th – 18^th c. In 1653 John Wallis for the first time formulated the rule about the regular interchange of shall and will depending on person. Although the data collected by 20^th c. scholars show that no such regularity really existed at the time of Wallis, his observations prove that the semantic difference between the two auxiliary verbs must have been very slight, or, perhaps there was no difference at all.

2. The development of the new forms of the Subj. Mood was accompanied by important changes in the use of forms – both synthetic and analytical – and by certain modification in their meanings. On the whole, as compared with OE, the use of the Subj. Mood became more restricted: gradually it fell out of use in indirect speech – except in indirect questions, where forms of the Subj. Mood in Early NE remained fairly common. In adverbial clauses of time and concession the Ind. Was preferred, though instances of the Subj. are found not only in Chaucer and Shakespeare but also in the works of later authors. As the frequency of the forms with should and would grow, the employment of the old synthetic forms became more restricted. In Early NE, the new analytical forms did not differ from the synthetic in meanings and usage and were interchangeable practically in any context:

HOW MUCH PRAISE DESERV’D THY BEAUTY’S USE,

IF THOU COULDST ANSWER… (Shakespeare)

The Early NE witnessed the development of a new set of analytical forms, which entered the paradigms of the Pres. and Past Tense of the Ind. Mood (and – to a lesser extent – of the Subj. Mood): interrogative and negative forms with the auxiliary verb do. These forms are known in English grammars as the ‘periphrases with do’ or ‘do-periphrases’. In Early NE causative meaning to a similar phrase with make, while the periphrases with do began to be employed instead of simple, synthetic forms. Its meaning did not differ from that of simple forms. In the 16^th and 17^th c. the periphrases with do was used in all types of sentences – negative, affirmative and interrogative; it freely interchanged with simple forms, without do.

WE DO NOT KNOW

HOW HE MAY SOFTEN AT THE SIGHT O’THE CHILD…