LECTURE
2.
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
SCIENTIFIC
PAPER:
STRUCTURE
&
FORMAT
Even if you are not planning to publish a scientific paper, you may be asked
to write in this format for a college course or other program.
Because scientific
papers are written in a specific format, it is both easy and necessary to learn how to
write them well. Following the style guide and knowing the necessary content of
each section will help you to develop your skills as a scientific writer.
1. Formatting the Paper
Know your audience. If you are in a field that crosses disciplines, you might
need to write the paper a bit differently than if you were aiming the information at
one field. In some cases, you may want your study to be accessible to all readers, so
you need to write the paper in a way that everyone will understand. In other cases,
the audience may be people in the same field that have background knowledge of
the subject.
Since it is a technical paper, you will need to use some technical language, but
avoid jargon for the sake of jargon and use acronyms only when absolutely
necessary.
Define all acronyms the first time you use the full word or phrase, then use
the acronym throughout the rest of the paper.
Use active voice.
For the most part, journals will require you to use active
voice. This is not the case for every journal so make sure to check the style guide
before you start writing. To use active voice, write statements like “We performed
this experiment…” instead of “The experiment was performed…”
Follow the style guide for publication. If you are
submitting the paper to a
journal for publication, they will have a style guide or author guide that details all of
the necessary formatting. It will tell you the maximum word count,
the margin size,
the font size/style, references format, etc. Following the author guide is absolutely
necessary when submitting the paper for publication.
Any restrictions on table/figure sizes or table/figure legends will also be
included in the style guide.
Organize the paper in the proper order. Every scientific paper is structured the
same way. It starts with an abstract that briefly summarizes the paper and then leads
into an introduction. The materials and
methods come next, followed by the results.
The paper concludes with the discussion section and a list of references.
Some journals move the materials and methods to the end of the paper and/or
combine the results with the discussion section. Check the style guide for the specific
journal you are submitting to.
Although this is the order the paper will be published in, it is not necessarily
the best order to write each section. Follow the steps in the “Writing the Sections”
for the best way to compose the paper.