Positivism and constructivism are two very different philosophical stances; there
is a difference between the core ideas behind each philosophy. Both are viewed as
epistemologies that present a different idea of what constitutes as knowledge. Positivism
can be understood as a philosophical stance that emphasizes that knowledge should be
gained through observable and measurable facts. In this sense, this is considered as a rigid
scientific inquiry. On the other hand, Constructivism states that reality is socially
constructed. This emphasizes that these are two different philosophies. Through this
article let us examine the differences between the two stances; positivism and
constructivism.
Positivism can be understood as a philosophical stance that emphasizes that
knowledge should be gained through observable and measurable facts. This is also
referred to as empiricism. Positivists do not rely on subjective experiences. In this sense,
positivism can be viewed as an epistemological stance in which sensory information
counts as true knowledge. Only the natural sciences such as physics, chemistry, and
biology are counted as true sciences according to positivists. This is because they believed
that social sciences lacked observable and measurable data that would qualify them as
true sciences. Unlike the natural scientist, who relied on objects that could be controlled
by a laboratory setting, the social scientist had to go to the society that was his laboratory.
The people, life experiences, attitudes, social processes were studied by the social
scientists. These could neither be observed nor measured. Since these were very
subjective and differed from one person to the other, positivist considered these as
irrelevant.
For example, Auguste Comte believed that in sociology, positivist methods should
be used in order to understand human behaviour. He stated that positivism should not be
confined to the natural sciences but should be applied to social sciences as well. However,
later on this idea was rejected with the introduction of other epistemological stances such
as constructivism.
Constructivism or else social constructivism states that reality is socially
constructed. Unlike positivists, who firmly believe in a single truth and reality,
constructivism points out there is no single reality. According to constructivists, the
reality is a subjective creation. As human beings, we all create our view of the world. This
is usually based on our individual perception. Concepts such as gender, culture, race are
all social constructs.
For example, let us elaborate on the concept of gender. Gender is different from
sex. It does not refer to the biological difference between males and females. It is a social
construction. The allocation of specific duties to women and expectations of the female
as a delicate, feminine, and dependent creature is a social construction. The expectation
of masculinity from males is also a social construct. In this sense, constructivism points
out that the reality is a social reality that is subjective and built through consensus. This
highlights that positivism and constructivism are two very different epistemological
stances.
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