distinguished different trends and aspects. But the linguists differently treat this
issue. P. Hartman outlines two directions: general theory and concrete text analysis.
According to I.R. Galperin there is general theory and text grammar. O.I.
Moskalskaya differentiates text semantics and text grammar. Z.Y. Turaeva suggests
six directions: 1) general theory; 2) text typology; 3) text units and their functions;
the subject of text linguistics. The object of text linguistics is a text as a complex
communicative unit, as a sequence of verbal signs, as “language-in- action”. The
subject of text linguistics depends on the aim of investigation. It might be the
semantic, structural, grammatical, stylistic, communicative, pragmatic, cognitive
Previously we have discussed some tasks of text linguistics, its historical
background, views of the scholars who contributed to the development of this
science. Much attention has been paid to the problem of text definition and the main
text characteristics. In this connection there arises another crucial problem – the
problem of text delimitation. What is text delimitation? It means establishing the
borderlines of the text, its length. Needless to say that it is impossible to study a text
if we don’t know its boundaries. It should be noted that in a practical sense text
boundaries are easy to establish by a visual observation of the material segmentation
in the written form of the text (syntactical unit, paragraph, chapter) or an auditory
observation (time, interval, pause) in the oral variety of the text (Колшанский,
1984).
From the theoretical viewpoint, however, the problems of text delimitation
are rather debatable for the reason that not all the parameters for setting the
boundaries of the text have been revealed. Many scholars maintain the idea that text
delimitation is based on the thematic principle according to which micro - and
macrotexts as monothematic and multithematic units are distinguished (Гальперин,
1981; Колшанский, 1984; Москальская, 1981). Thus, Moskalskaya considers that
microtext is presented by a complex syntactical unit, and macrotext – by a work of
literature. Complex syntactical units or supra-phrasal units are defined as a sequence
of two or more sentences presenting a structural and semantic unity backed up by a
rhythmic and melodic unity. In other words, it is a span of the text in which
coherence, interdependence of the elements, and one definite idea are observed
(Galperin, 1977:196). In some cases complex syntactical units can coincide with the
whole text if the latter is of a small format (certificate, advertisement, cable).
We have considered examples when a complex syntactical unit is presented
as a micro-text. However, in most cases a complex syntactical unit stands out as a
constituent part of the text, its minimal unit. It designates the lower borderline of the
text. As for the upper one it remains to some extent obscure because a macro-text
can be presented by a story, a verse, an instruction, a monograph or a novel
consisting of several volumes.
Text, as has been stated, can be studied from different angles. At present the
communicative-pragmatic and communicative-cognitive approaches are gaining
ground. This is not accidental. It has been long acknowledged that text is the main
communicative unit. The definition of the text in this line stresses the idea of its
intentionality, the role of an addresser and addressee and sociocultural context. It is
claimed that text embraces both language and non-language parameters, linguistic
and extra-linguistic factors, and it should be examined in a complex system of
relations: reality – text – addresser – addressee. The true nature of the text can be
revealed only if the correlations of linguistic and extralinguistic factors of
sociocultural, psychological, historical character are taken into consideration
(Чернявская, 2009).
In the cognition oriented paradigm text analysis is aimed at studying and
processing knowledge structures and world information. According to G.V.
Kolshanskiy “text is a structurally organized unit assuming cognitive, informative,
psychological and social functions of communication” (1984:89). The cognitive
approach is based on the assumption that human knowledge is mainly presented by
textual forms, it is stored by texts and generated by texts. In this respect text is
acknowledged as language materialization of mental structures, processes, concepts.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
