Lecture 2 phonological theories I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay’s Theory of Phonology

луг - лук, пруд - прут. In such cases archiphonemes /p/b and t/d/ may appear in Russian.
Phonemes and their distinctive features differ. A phoneme is a sum of distinctive features. Distinctive sounds, i.e. phonemes and distinctive features are considered to be two levels of the phonological structure of a language. The level of distinctive features is called «merismatic level». One of the fundamental notions of phonology is that of position, which creates conditions for the realization of phonemes in speech. Positions may depend not only on the phonetic context but also on the morphological conditions. For example, in joining basic and affixal morphemes some sound combinations become an affricative: штатский, шведский where /тс/ and /дс/ form the affricate /ц/.
Some Moscow phopnologists, especially, A.A. Reformatsky gave a classification of phonological oppositions and presented a new approach to the problem of neutralization. It should be stated that their theory is commonly applied to the description of Russian phonemes; it was also fruitful in the analysis of the phonological systems of other languages. The Moscow phonologists described the suprasegmental features of syllables, stress and intonation. Besides, they improved the morphonological theory advanced by N.S. Trubetzkoy. According to A.A. Reformatsky morphonology is a «bridge» level between phonology and morphology. N.S. Trubetzkoy included almost all the phonemic alternations into morphonology and used the term «morphoneme». However, morphonology must not only study the alternations of segmental phonemes but can analyse the alternations of supraseg-mental elements i.e. stress alternations in morphemes. In the Russian words рука - ручной, нога - ножной, слух - послушный we can observe alternations both of a segmental and suprasegmental character. Such alternations in English as foot - feet, tooth - teeth, ox -oxen, child - children, which are interpreted as morphonological by the American linguists, belong to the grammatical meanings formed by the internal inflexion. The alternations, which do not depend on their positions in morphemes, would be studied in morphonology. References
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5. Н.С. Трубецкой. Основы фонологии. М., 2000, с. 50
6. B.Trnka. A Phonological Analysis of Present-day Standard English. Univ. of Alabama Press, 1968