Lecture 1 Fundamentals of grammar

6. Mixed type of composite sentences
Not every sentence we come across in a text or in oral speech is bound to be
either syndetic or asyndetic, either compound or complex, etc. Several or all of
these characteristics can be found in a sentence at the same time. It can contain
several clauses, some of them connected with each other syndetically, that is, by
conjunctions or connective words, while others are connected asyndetically, that is,
without any such words; some of the clauses are co-ordinated with each other,
while others are subordinate, so that another part of the whole sentence is complex,
etc. The amount of variations is probably unlimited. Such sentences are often
referred to as mixed sentences. Prof. Blokh uses the term complex-compound
sentence (or compound-complex sentence) to name a sentence that consists of
multiple independent clauses, at least one of which has at least one dependent
clause.
e.g. Though Lois was very jauntily attired in an expensively appropriate
travelling affair, she did not linger to pat out the dust which covered her clothes,
but started up the central walk with curious glances at either side. Her face was
very eager and expectant, yet she hadn’t at all that glorified expression that girls
wear when they arrive for a Senior Prom at Princeton or New Haven; still, as there
were no senior proms here, perhaps it didn’t matter. (F. S. Fitzgerald)
Lecture 15
Semantics and Pragmatics.
Expressed and Implied Meaning of the Utterance.
1. Semantics and pragmatics.
2. Presupposition and its types.
3. Implication and inference.
1. Semantics and Pragmatics
Describing the ways in which sentences are formed, many scholars make
reference to meaning and how sentences express it. In modern linguistics, meaning
is not treated as a unitary phenomenon. The analysis of meaning is treated as
divisible into two major domains. The first deals with the sense conventionally
assigned to sentences independently of the contexts in which they might be uttered.
This is the domain called semantics. The second deals with the way in which
utterances are interpreted in context, and the ways in which the utterance of a