Languages for intercultural communication and education


part in the way that information is selected and communicated. Certainly



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part in the way that information is selected and communicated. Certainly
in one real-life case study of a classic ELT situation – buying tickets at a
railway station – researchers discovered that women asked more questions
than men, especially when the ticket-seller was male (Brouwer
et al.
, 1979,
126
Intercultural Approaches to ELT
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cited in Montgomery & Reid-Thomas, 1994: 32). This difference in gender
behaviour can be interpreted in various ways but it does at least suggest
once more that information exchange is culturally shaped.
The educational implications of this insight are considerable. In native-
speaker education it has long been argued that in oral assessments,
working-class speakers can be disadvantaged because their speech-styles
do not conform to the middle-class expectations of the education system. In
the USA, in particular, there are long-standing debates about the assess-
ment of sociolinguistic competence of African-American Vernacular
English (AAVE) speakers (e.g. Rickford, 1987). In ELT, of course, the
situation is different but analogous: as we have observed, there are some
gatekeeping encounters (e.g. oral examinations, and job interviews) in
which speakers from different cultural backgrounds might be disadvan-
taged, though one would hope that in the former, the training of ELT
examiners would encourage them to compensate for varying speech styles.
From an intercultural perspective, it is necessary for learners (and their
assessors) to be aware that even in apparently ‘objective’ situations of infor-
mation transfer – typically in interview situations – background and
communicative orientation will predispose individuals to select and
structure information in systematically different ways. The remainder of
this chapter looks at the construction of meaning during the process of
interviews, and considers ways of raising awareness of cultural differences
in information-exchange.

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