Karakalpak institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnology Department of masters

Karakalpak institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnology

Department of masters

Speciality of agrochemistry

1 st year student

Genjebaeva Sanegul

Independent work

Science teacher:
M. Abdullaev

Soil

• About soil
• Morphological features of the soil
• Soil fertility

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Soil is the fertile layer of the earth which is formed as a result of the erasion of rocks under the influence of these abiotic factor.
Soil

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Morphological features of the soil

Teh most important morphological features of the soil are:

• Genetic horizons,
• thickness,
• Color,
• Structure,
• mechanical composition,
• Compostion,
• Moisture

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Soil profile is the appearance of soil genetic horizons as a result of certain rotation in the vertical direction.

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Key ideas about soil morphology said by V.V. Dokuchaev. The soil profile is divided into several horizons, rach of which has its own name.

Soil profile
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• An organogenic horizon consisting of plants remains,
• Peat orgonagen horizon,
• Humus horizon,
• elluvial horizon,
• Illuvial or transient horizon
• Gley gorizon
• Parent material
• Lower boulder rocks.

Soil horizonts
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Soil color is one of the most important morphological features that is clearly visible. The color of the soil is determined by the substances that make it up, as well as the physical condition and moisture of the soil.

The color of the soil
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Soil color
Soil color is influenced primarily by soil mineralogy-telling us what is in a specific soil. Soil high in iron are deep orange-brown to yellowish-brown. Those soils that are high in organic matter are dark brown or black. Color can also tell us how a soil “behaves”- a soil that drains well is brightly colored and one that is often wet and soggy will have a mottled pattern of grays, reds, and yellows.

The fine mineral particles in the mechanical composition of teh soil stick to each other under the influence of various factors and become granular, resulting in the formation of soil structural elements. According to the mechanical composition of the soil has loamy, sandy, gravel horizons.

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Soil aggregates are divided into macrostructure, microstructure and megastructure according to their size.

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Fertilty is the ability of the soil to supply certain plants with nutrients, water, their root systems with air and heat. Nutrients, water, air, heat – are the most important components of soil fertility.

The fertility of the soil
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Types of soil structure
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Illustration of porosity in sand, silt, and clay.
Soil porosity
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Thank you for your attention