Kafedra: at. Fan: Elektron to’lov tizimlari. Mustaqil ish. Mavzu

Packaging[edit]

Packaging and labeling can be engineered to help reduce the risks of counterfeit consumer goods or the theft and resale of products.^[18][19] Some package constructions are more difficult to copy and some have pilfer-indicating seals. Counterfeit goods, unauthorized sales (diversion), material substitution and tampering can all be reduced with these anti-counterfeiting technologies. Packages may include authentication seals and use security printing to help indicate that the package and contents are not counterfeit; these too are subject to counterfeiting. Packages also can include anti-theft devices, such as dye-packs, RFID tags, or electronic article surveillance^[20] tags that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate. Anti-counterfeiting technologies that can be used with packaging include:

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  Taggant fingerprinting – uniquely coded microscopic materials that are verified from a database
  
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  Encrypted micro-particles – unpredictably placed markings (numbers, layers and colors) not visible to the human eye
  
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  Holograms – graphics printed on seals, patches, foils or labels and used at point of sale for visual verification
  
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  Micro-printing – second-line authentication often used on currencies
  
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  Serialized barcodes
  
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  UV printing – marks only visible under UV light
  
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  Track and trace systems – use codes to link products to database tracking system
  
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  Water indicators – become visible when contacted with water
  
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  DNA tracking – genes embedded onto labels that can be traced
  
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  Color-shifting ink or film – visible marks that switch colors or texture when tilted
  
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  Tamper evident seals and tapes – destructible or graphically verifiable at point of sale
  
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  2d barcodes – data codes that can be tracked
  
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  RFID chips
  
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  NFC chips